Table 2.
Anti-fibrotic therapies in clinical trials for kidney diseases.
| Therapeutic approaches | Drug | Type | Target | Disease | Stage | Clinical trial identifier www.clinicaltrials.gov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| TGF-β antagonists | Fresolimumab (GC-1008) | Antibody | Anti-TGF-β1,2, 3 | Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis | Phase 2 | NCT01665391 |
| LY2382770 | Antibody | Anti-TGF-β1 | Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 2 | NCT01113801 | |
| Pirfenidone | Small-molecule | TGF-β synthesis inhibitor | Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis | Phase 2 | NCT00001959 *completed (50) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Phase1/2 | NCT00063583 *completed (51) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| BMP-7 agonists | THR-184 | Small peptide | BMPR agonist | Cardiac Surgery Associated-Acute Kidney Injury | Phase 2 | NCT01830920 |
|
| ||||||
| CTGF inhibitors | FG-3019 | Antibody | Anti-CTGF | Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 1 | NCT00102297 *completed |
| NCT00754143 *completed (115) | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| CCL2-CCR2 inhibitor | CCX140-B | Small-molecule | CCR2 antagonist | Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 2 | NCT01028963 *completed (131) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 2 | NCT01440257 | ||||
| Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 2 | NCT01447147 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| PDE inhibitors | Pentoxifylline | Small-molecule | Nonselective PDE inhibitor | Chronic kidney disease | Phase 3 | NCT00285298 *completed (138) |
| Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 4 | NCT01382303 | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | Phase 4 | NCT01377285 | ||||
| PF00489791 | Small-molecule | PDE5 inhibitor | Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 2 | NCT01200394 | |
|
| ||||||
| Nox1/4 inhibitor | GKT137831 | Small-molecule | Nox1/4 inhibitor | Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 2 | NCT02010242 |
|
| ||||||
| ET-1 antagonists | Avosentan | Peptide | ETA receptor antagonist | Diabetic nephropathy | Phase 3 | NCT00120328 *terminated (160) |
|
| ||||||
| TNF-α antagonists | Adalimumab | Antibody | Anti-TNF-α | Focal Segmental Glomerular Sclerosis | Phase 2 | NCT00814255 *completed (163) |
Abbreviations; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; BMPR, BMP receptor; CCL2-CCR2, CC motif chemokine ligand 2- CC receptor type 2; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; ET, endothelin; Nox, NADPH oxidase ; PDE, phosphodiesterase ; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.