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. 2014 Aug 12;39(2):312–320. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2014.122

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cardiometabolic reprogramming in obesity-related heart failure: effects of apelin. (a) Representative two-dimensional and M-Mode echocardiographic images of mice subjected to 4 weeks of AB (n=7) or sham operation (Sham, n=8) and received 0.1 μmol kg–1 day–1 intraperitoneal apelin or vehicle for 4 weeks. (b) Echocardiographic measurements of interventricular septum thickness in diastole (IVSTd), posterior wall thickness in diastole (PWTd), LV internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) in sham or AB HFD-fed mice treated with vehicle or apelin. (c) Real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) expression levels in left ventricles of sham or AB HFD-fed mice treated with vehicle or apelin. (d) Myocardial FA oxidation, (e) glucose oxidation, (f) plasma glucose level and (g) glucose tolerance test (GTT) in vehicle- or apelin-treated HFD-fed subjected to sham or AB surgery. Results are means±s.e.m. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 vs sham-vehicle; §P<0.05; §§P<0.01; §§§P<0.001 vs AB-vehicle.