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. 2014 Dec 23;15(1):1–21. doi: 10.3390/s150100001

Table 2.

Application of e-nose for evaluation of wastewater parameters.

Parameters E-Nose; Sensors; Sampling; Measurement Analysis Method Description Reference
COD, TSS, VSS, turbidity FOX3000 (Alpha M.O.S.), 12 MOS; sampling 150 mL/min; injection time 60 s PCA Poor correlation between e-nose response and VSS (R = 0.67), weak correlation with other parameters: CODtot (R = 0.53) CODsol (R = 0.36) TSS (R = 0.52), turbidity (R = 0.53) [17]
detection of pollutants eNOSE 5000, ProSat, Marconi Applied Technologies, conducting polymer sensors, 40 s purge, 1 min. sampling, 3 min 20 s de-purge PCA Real-time detection of unknown pollutants, intermittent or accidental discharge [35–37]
BOD, classification of wastewater respecting odour Neotronics Scientific Ltd. model D; 12 CP (polypyrrole); 600 mL/min, odour profiles at 1 min Multivariate discriminant, canonical correlation, ANN classification of wastewater, correlation of e-nose response with BOD [38]
BOD, classification of wastewater respecting odour Neotronics Scientific Ltd. model D; 12 CP (polypyrrole) canonical discriminant and correlation classification of wastewater, correlation of e-nose response with BOD [39]
wastewater type discrimination Pen-2 (WMA Airsense Analysentechnik, 10 MOS) 400 mL/min; 50 s reference air, 50 s sampling Cyranose 320 (Cyrano Sciences, 32 CP) 50 s reference air, 50 s sampling; PCA Discrimination between odour samples from different locations in WWTP [40]
odour concentration Neotronics Scientific Ltd. model D; 12CP (polypyrrole); 600 mL/min, odour profiles at 1 min CCA correlation between TON and e-nose in the range of 125 to 781,066 ouE/m3 [41]
odour concentration 5× e-nose; 6 MOS supervised modelling, DFA assessment of odour annoyance in vicinity of waste treatment plant using e-nose compared with meteorological measurements, correlation e-nose with odour concentration in the range of 0 to 4000 ouE/m3 [42]
odour concentration Airsense PEN2; 10 MOS ANN, DFA, PCA correlation e-nose with odour concentration ranges from 0 to 200 ouE/m3 (R2 = 0.94), discrimination between different samples from biofilters [43]
classification of wastewater respecting odour, odour concentration EOS25, EOS28, EOS35; 3 min meas./12 recovery PCA classification of odour sources with high accuracy (R = 0.95 for samples 100 to 150 ouE/m3), high correlation (R > 0.9) e-nose response with odour concentration in the range of 20 to 80 ouE/m3 [44]