Table 2.

Guanine and guanosine.

Electrode	Modification	Range of Linear Concentration Dependence	Detection Limit	Method	Application	Ref
GUANINE
GCE	azocalix[4]arene film	2.5–650.0 μM	50 nM	CV, DPV	detection of DNA	[18]
BDD	no modification	0.21 to 23 μM	37 nM	CV, DPV	detection of Gua in urine	[19]
PeGE	-	-	2.92 pM in 100 mL	DPV	detection of hypermethylation of the glutathione S-transferase P1	[43]
GCE	polymerized film of melamine	0.1–50 μM	80 nM	LSV, SWV	Gua determination	[21]
CPE	DNA	-	1 ppm	CV, DPV	interaction of flutamide with DNA	[22]
GCE	tetraoxocalix[2]arene[2]tri azine	-	80 nM	CV, DPV, EIS	analysis of ssDNA	[23]
GCE	poly(sulfosalicylic acid) and ssDNA	65–1100 nM	22 nM	CV, DPV, EIS	analysis of nucleobases	[25]
PyGE, HOPG	-	-	-	CV	electrode reaction mechanism of Gua	[17]
PeGE	-	-	-	DPV	DNA interaction with Pd and Pt complexes	[26]
carbon SPE	no modification	-	-	DPV	application in DNA genotoxicity screening	[27]
GCE	CdS-chitosan	0.001–1.6 μM	2 nM	DPV	analysis of damage DNA	[28]
SAE, PtE, AuE, GCE	-	-	-	-	construction of electrochemical multisensors	[31]
PeGE	fish sperm dsDNA	0.018–2.56 ppm	-	DPV	interaction of Efavirenz with fish sperm dsDNA	[44]
GCE	Gua	-	35 ng/mL	SWV	detection of antioxidant capacity in flavored water samples	[32]
GCE, CPE, AuE	-	5–30 ng/mL	-	SWV	analysis of DNA	[33]
PeGE	fish sperm dsDNA	-	0.36 ng/mL	SWV	quantification of DNA in plant extracts	[45]
GCE	-	-	-	CV, NPV, DPV, SWV	characterization of interactions of dsDNA with a drug,	[46]
carbon SPE	no modification	-	-	CV, DPV	DNA damage	[34]
SPE	modification by tetraethoxysilane	0.19–10.8 mg/mL	0.1 μg/mL	CV, DPV	electrocatalytic oxidation of Gua	[47]
AuE	-	-	-	DPV	DNA analysis	[48]
SPE	dsDNA, ssDNA	-	-	DPV, SWV	bioanalysis of environmental pollution and DNA-drug interaction	[49]
PeGE	no modification	-	-	AdSCP	detection of apurinic side in DNA	[35]
PeGE	-	-	-		allele-specific DNA biosensor	[50]
SPE	dsDNA	-	-	DPV	interaction of some antitumor drugs with dsDNA	[36]
BDDE	-	50 μM	-		detection of nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides	[51]
AuE	-	50 μM	-	CV	guA oxidation at polycrystalline gold electrodes	[52]
GCE	no modification	-	70 nM	DPV	determination of all bases in ssDNA	[5]
CPE, PGE	-	-	-	DPV, PSA	interaction of arsenic trioxide with DNA	[53]
BDDE	no modification	0.1–8 mg/mL	10 ng/mL	CV, SWV	determination of ssDNA and dsDNA	[38]
AuE	L-cysteine monolayer	2.5–15 pmol	-	SWV	DNA hybridization	[54]
CPE, PeGE	-	-	-	DPV	interaction of DNA with lycorine	[37]
GUANOSINE
GCE	no modification	-	-	CV, DPV	interaction between dsDNA and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	[39]
CPE	1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate	1.0–160 μM	183 nM	DPV	analysis of Guo in urine	[41]
GCE	no modification	0.5 μM–1.0 mM	145 nM	DPV	Guo in human blood plasma and urine	[55]
BDDE	-	100 μM	-	-	detection of nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides	[51]