Table 3.

Xanthine and hypoxanthine.

Electrode	Modification	Range of Linear Concentration Dependence	Detection Limit	Method	Application	Ref
XANTHINE
GCE	poly L-methionine	-	4 nM	CV, DPV	detection of xanthine in serum	[59]
GCE	poly(xylitol)	1.3–75.3 μM	0.75 μM	CV	determination in urine	[60]
AuE	xanthine oxidase	2–16 μM	0.15 μM	-	xanthine in fish, chicken, pork, and beef meat	[61]
GCE	graphitized mesoporous carbon	20–320 μM	388 nM	-	human blood-plasma, urine and fish samples	[62]
PtE	polyvinylchloride	25–400 nM	25 nM	-	xanthine in fish meat, cow and buffalo milk	[63]
GCE	3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane/glutaraldehyde/xanthine oxidase/chitosan	0.5–18 μM	21.5 nM	-	construction of biosensors, determination of xanthine	[64]
GCE	mesoporous carbon	20–200 μM	46 nM	CV, DPV	determination of xanthine	[65]
GCE	polymerized film of bromocresol purple	0.1–100 μM	60 nM	DPV	simultaneous determination in human serum	[66]
GCE	acetylene black and dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate	three orders of magnitude	60 nM	CV	rat striatal microdialysates of freely moving rats	[67]
HYPOXANTHINE
GCE	poly L-methionine	-	8 nM	CV, DPV	detection of hypoxanthine in serum	[59]
GCE	poly(xylitol)	5–55 μM	4.5 μM	CV	determination in urine	[60]
GCE	graphitized mesoporous carbon	20–240 μM	351 nM	DPV	human blood-plasma, urine and fish samples	[62]
GCE	3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole	-	-	DPV	hypoxanthine in human blood serum and urine samples	[68]
GCE	mesoporous carbon	20–150 μM	69 nM	CV, DPV	determination of hypoxanthine	[65]
GCE	polymerized film of bromocresol purple	0.2–80 μM	120 nM	DPV	simultaneous determination in human serum	[66]
GCE	acetylene black and dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate	three orders of magnitude	250 nM	CV	rat striatal microdialysates of freely moving rats	[67]
INOSINE
GCE	3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole	-	50 nM	DPV	Inosine in human blood serum and urine samples	[68]