. 2015 Jan 14;15(1):1564–1600. doi: 10.3390/s150101564

Table 4.

Determination of purine derivatives on modified electrodes.

Electrode	Modification	Range of Linear Concentration Dependence	Detection Limit	Method	Application	Ref
ADENINE
ITO	gold nanodots	0.25–90 μM	500 nM	CV, DPV	Ade determination in human serum	[138]
GCE	Ag-PMel	0.1–60 μM	8 nM	CV, SWV, LSV	detection of Ade	[139]
GCE	chitosan carbon nanofibers	0.2–50 μM	73.8 nM	CV	detection of beef kidney sample	[140]
Pt	MWCNT	-	3 μM	LSV	detection of Ade	[141]
Pt	Au NPs/graphene	-	-	LSV	detection of Ade	[142]
GCE	Au nps	-	4 nM	CV, DPV	detection of Ade	[143]
CPE	TiO₂-NPs-MgY/Zm	-	0.02 μM	CV, DPV,	detection of Ade	[144]
GCE	graphite nanopowder and MWCNT	-	-	DPV	detection of Ade in meat	[145]
GCE	reduced graphene oxide	-	200 nM	-	detection of Ade in ssDNA	[102]
GCE	reduced graphene	20 μM oligonucleotides	-	DPV	analysis of DNA	[146]
GCE	reduced graphene oxide	units to hundreds mM	-	DPV	detection of DNA	[147]
GCE	multi-layer of graphene	units to tens of mM	-	-	construction of genosensors	[148]
GCE	boron-doped carbon nanotubes	-	-	DPV	detection of DNA in the field of genetic-disease diagnosis	[70]
SPE	β-cyclodextrin/poly(N-acetylaniline)/CNT	10–1020 μM	50 nM	-	sensor of DNA hybridization	[149]
GCE	MWCNT/choline	-	-	-	simultaneous detection of DNA	[122]
GCE	ssDNA and AuNP	-	-	CV, DPV	inhibition effect of Ade	[150]
GCE	PbO₂/CNT/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate	-	30 nM	-	analysis of herring sperm DNA	[151]
GCE	different chemically-modified graphene	-	-	DPV	device for label-free DNA analysis	[152]
GCE	TiO₂-graphene nanocomposite	0.5–200 μM	0.1 μM	CV, DPV	electrochemical sensor of Ade	[99]
PyGE	SWCNT	5–100 nM	3.7 nM	SWV	Ade in human urine	[153]
GCE	TiO₂ nanobelts	-	-	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[154]
GCE	MWCNT	-	80 nM	LSV, CV	analysis of DNA	[155]
GCE	CdS-chitosan	-	nM range	DPV	analysis of DNA damage	[28]
graphene NF	CNT	-	-	-	analysis of DNA	[93]
GCE	DNA/MWCNT	-	-	CV, DPV, SWV	monitoring of phenolic pollutants	[156]
GCE, AuE, ITO	MWCNT/poly(new fuchsin)	-	-	CV, DPV		[84]
GCE	β-cyclodextrin/MWCNT	-	0.75 nM	DPV		[157]
GCE	MWCNT, AuNP	0.008–2.0 μM	5 nM	CV,	analysis of milk, plasma and urine	[158]
GCE	Ade	-	40 ng/mL	SWV	detection of antioxidant capacity in flavored water samples	[32]
GCE	CNTs/La(OH)₃	-	220 nM	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[159]
GCE, CPE, AuE	-	5–30 ng/mL	-	SWV	analysis of DNA	[33]
GCE, AuE, TOE	MWCNT, AuNP, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin	-	-	CV, DPV	electrochemical characterizations and surface morphology studies	[160]
GCE	SWCNT/poly(acridine orange)	-	1.8 nM	CV, DPV	simultaneous determination of Ade in DNA	[161]
PyGE	β-cyclodextrin/CNT	-	0.2 mg/mL	DPV	simultaneous or individual determination of Ade	[120]
SPE	MWCNT	-	-	CV	detection DNA and RNA	[162]
GCE	SWCNT	-	-	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[163]
GCE	SWCNT	-	-	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[164]
ADENOSINE
PyGE	SWCNT	10–100 nM	7.6 nM	SWV	Ado in human urine	[153]
GCE	fullerene C₆₀	0.01–100 μM	80 nM		Ado in urine	[12]
GCE	fullerene C₆₀	0.5–1000 μM	302 nM	DPV	Ado in urine and blood plasma	[165]
GCE	fullerene C₆₀	0.5 μM–1.0 mM	302 nM	DPV	Ado in human blood plasma and urine	[55]
GUANINE
ITO	gold nanodots	-	250 nM	DPV	Ade determination in human serum	[138]
GCE	Ag-PMel	0.1–50 μM	8 nM	CV, SWV, LSV	detection of Gua	[139]
GCE	chitosan carbon nanofibers	0.2–50 μM	46.8 nM	CV	detection of beef kidney sample	[140]
GCE	graphene oxide	-	-	CV, DPV	determination of Gua	[166]
GCE	Au NPS	-	5 nM	CV, DPV	detection of Gua	[143]
CPE	TiO₂nps-MgY/Zm	-	0.013 μm	CV, DPV,	detection of gua	[144]
GCE	MWCNT/ionic liquid/chitosan	0.5–30 nM	37 pM	DPV	detection of human immunoglobulin E	[167]
PeGE	-	-	2.92 pM in 100 mL	DPV	detection of hypermethylation of the glutathione S-transferase P1	[43]
CPE	nanostructured Pt thin film	0.1–500 μM	31 nM	DPV	determination of Gua	[168]
GCE	reduced graphene	20 μM oligonucleotides	-	DPV	analysis of DNA	[146]
GCE	reduced graphene oxide	-	150 nM	-	detection of Gua in ssDNA	[102]
GCE	boron-doped carbon nanotubes	-	-	DPV	detection of DNA in the field of genetic-disease diagnosis	[70]
SPE	β-cyclodextrin/poly(N-acetylaniline)/CNT	10–1020 μM	50 nM	-	sensor of DNA hybridization	[149]
GCE	reduced graphene oxide	units to hundreds mM	-	DPV	detection of DNA	[147]
GCE	multi-layer of graphene	units to tens of mM	-	-	construction of genosensors	[148]
PeGE	polymer-ZnO nanoparticle	-		DPV, EIS	sequence-selective DNA hybridization	[169]
GCE	MWCNT/choline	-	-	-	simultaneous detection of DNA	[122]
GCE	PbO₂/CNT/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate	-	6 nM	-	analysis of herring sperm DNA	[151]
GCE	worm-like cobalt oxide nanostructures	40 nM–10 μM	3 nM	CV	determination of Gua	[170]
GCE	different chemically-modified graphene	-	-	DPV	device for label-free DNA analysis	[152]
GCE	poly(sulfosalicylic acid) and ssDNA	65–1100 nM	22 nM	EIS	analysis of nucleobases	[25]
GCE	TiO₂-graphene nanocomposite	0.5–200 μM	0.15 μM	CV, DPV	electrochemical sensor of Ade	[99]
GCE	TiO₂ nanobelts	-	-	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[154]
CPE,	SWCNT/cobalt phthalocyanine	-	130 nM	CV, DPV	detection of DNA hybridization	[171]
GCE	MWCNT	-	20 nM	LSV, CV	analysis of DNA	[155]
PeGE	SnO₂ NPS-poly (vinylferrocenium)	-	-	DPV	DNA hybridization	[172]
PyGE, HOPG	-	-	-	CV	electrode reaction mechanism of Gua	[17]
PeGE	-	-	-	DPV	DNA interaction with Pd and Pt complexes	[26]
PyGE	SWCNT	-	-	0.17 nM	simultaneous determination of Gua and 8-hydroxyguanine	[124]
GCE	CdS-chitosan	-	nM range	DPV	analysis of DNA damage	[28]
graphene NF	CNT	-	-	-	analysis of DNA	[93]
GCE	SWCNT	40–110 nM	3 nM	-	DNA hybridization biosensor	[173]
GCE	MWCNT	-	-	-	Gua in human prostate cancer (PC-3) cell suspension	[174]
GCE	DNA/MWCNT	-	-	CV, DPV, SWV	monitoring of phenolic pollutants	[156]
GCE, AuE, ITO	MWCNT/poly(neofuchsin)	-	-	CV, DPV	-	[84]
GCE	β-cyclodextrin/MWCNT	-	0.75 nM	DPV	-	[157]
SAE, PtE, AuE, GCE	-	-	-	-	construction of electrochemical multisensors	[31]
PeGE	SWCNT	-	-	DPV, EIS	interaction between daunorubicin and dsDNA	[175]
GCE	MWCNT, Au NPS	0.008–2.0 μM	5 nM	CV	analysis of milk, plasma and urine	[158]
CPE	molybdenum (VI) complex-TiO₂ nanoparticle	7.0–200 nM	3.4 nM	CV, DPV, CPA, CHC	detection of Gua at nanomolar levels	[176]
GCE	CNTs/La(OH)₃	-	260 nM	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[159]
GCE, AuE, TOE	MWCNT, Au NPS, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin	-	-	CV, DPV	electrochemical characterizations and surface morphology studies	[160]
GCE	SWCNT/poly(acridine orange)	-	0.9 nM	CV, DPV	simultaneous determination of Ade in DNA	[161]
PyGE	β-cyclodextrin/CNT	-	0.1 mg/mL	DPV	simultaneous or individual determination of Ade	[120]
GCE	Carbon₆₀	0.5–100 μM	60 nM	CV	determination of Gua	[165]
SPE	MWCNT	-	-	CV	detection DNA and RNA	[162]
GCE	SWCNT	-	-	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[163]
nanoelectrode arrays	MWCNT nanoelectrode arrays embedded in an SiO₂ matrix	-	-	-	disposable chips for rapid molecular analysis based on the Gua oxidation	[177]
GCE	SWCNT	-	-	CV, DPV	analysis of DNA	[164]
nanoelectrode arrays	MWCNT nanoelectrode arrays embedded in an SiO₂ matrix	-	-	-	detection of DNA PCR amplicons	[178]
XANTHINE
GCE	luteolin/MWCNT	-	0.65 μM	CV, DPV	detection of xanthine	[179]
GCE	MWCNT	0.2–10 μM	0.1 μM	CV	detection of xanthine	[180]
GCE	PAP/RGO	-	0.5μM	CV	detection of xanthine	[181]
GCE	poly (pyrocatechol violet)/carboxyl MWCNT	-	500 nM	DPV	human serum samples	[40]
ultra-thin CPE	SWCNT/poly(azure I)	0.2–100 μM	600 nM	CV	human urine samples	[182]
GCE	MWCNT, SWCNT	200 μM	134 nM	DPV	fish samples	[183]
HYPOXANTHINE
GCE	reduced graphene oxide attached through 1,6-hexadiamine	-	320 nM	DPV	human blood plasma and urine	[184]
GCE	poly(L-arginine)/graphene composite film	0.20–20 μM	10 nM	DPV	hypoxan in human urine	[185]
GCE	poly (pyrocatechol violet)/carboxyl MWCNT	-	20 nM	DPV	human serum samples	[40]
ultra-thin CPE	SWCNT/poly(azure I)	0.4–100 μM	28 nM	CV	human urine samples	[182]
GCE	MWCNT, SWCNT	150 μM	2.87 μM	DPV	fish samples	[183]