Table 3.

Factors influencing the approach to operative and non-operative management for the stiffness predominant phase of frozen shoulder.

Issue	Respondents	Expanded Comments
Diabetes	20	Surgery more likely/earlier (11); More aggressive approach (4); Arthroscopic arthrolysis more likely (3)
Chronicity	9	Surgery more likely/earlier (5)
Degree of stiffness	9	Arthroscopic release in severe stiffness (4); Other response: MUA is first choice for severe stiffness; poor results with hydro-dilatation in severe stiffness; MUA plus steroid injection in severe early phase stiffness.
Conservative management failure	9	Surgery more likely/earlier
Functional loss	8	Surgery more likely/earlier (4)
Patient led decision process	7	Discussion of disease course, activities of daily living/requirements, risks, benefits and success rate of intervention (6)
Underlying cause	4	MUA contraindicated in osteoporosis
Recurrence	3	MUA for early recurrence following arthroscopic release; More aggressive approach
Bilateral disease	2	More aggressive approach; contralateral disease requires surgery
Other responses		MUA if resistant to distension; open arthrolysis used for secondary revision only; Capsular distension if general anaesthetic contraindicated; all patients excluding diabetics are treated by supervised neglect; MUA for uncomplicated Frozen Shoulder; previous dislocation then avoid MUA. If anaesthetic issues more likely to use MUA.

Numbers in brackets corresponds to the number of respondents expanding on the issue, ^MUA Manipulation Under Anaesthesia.