Table 2.
Homogenization conditions and physicochemical characteristics of astaxanthin nanodispersions used for bioavailability studies
| Sample name | Homogenization conditions
|
Particle size (nm) | PDI | Astaxanthin loss (% w/w) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time (minutes) | Speed ×1,000 (rpm) | |||||
| A | 10 | 6.6 | Predicted | 87.5 | 0.350 | 44.2 |
| (Optimum based on minimum particle size, individual optimization) | Experimental | 85.1±4.80c | 0.382±0.0364a | 47.5±5.20a | ||
| B | 11.5 | 1 | Predicted | 142.7 | 0.172 | 16.2 |
| (Optimum based on minimum PDI, individual optimization) | Experimental | 145.8±5.98a | 0.185±0.0259c | 18.1±2.64c | ||
| C | 0.5 | 1 | Predicted | 128.2 | 0.325 | 0.5d |
| (Optimum based on minimum astaxanthin loss, individual optimization) | Experimental | 132.2±4.43b | 0.341±0.0203ab | 0.2±2.90d | ||
| D | 7 | 6 | Predicted | 88.9 | 0.322 | 32.4 |
| (Optimum based on minimum particle size, PDI and astaxanthin, multiple optimization) | Experimental | 90.1±2.85c | 0.315±0.0105b | 30.4±5.95b | ||
Notes: Experimental values are shown as the mean ± standard deviation (n=3).
a–d
Different letters show statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between experimental response values in which the comparisons tests were performed between similar responses.
Abbreviation: PDI, polydispersity index.