Table 3.
Summary scores on outcome measures for the two study groups.
| Measure | Hard of Hearing (n = 28) | Normal Hearing (n = 42) | F scores | p-value | Effect Size (η2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| MSEL Composite | 94.8 (12.1) | 103.4 (12.0) | 8.44 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| MSEL Visual Reception | 52.6 (9.7) | 55.4 (9.3) | 1.50 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
| MSEL Receptive Languageb | 41.0 (7.8) | 45.8 (8.9) | 5.38 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
| MSEL Expressive Languageb | 42.4 (10.8) | 49.0 (10.4) | 6.58 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| MSEL Fine Motorb | 53.4 (8.2) | 56.3 (7.6) | 2.23 | 0.14 | 0.03 |
| MSEL Gross Motorb | 46.9 (14.2) | 50.8 (10.2) | 1.84 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
| PLS-4 Total Languagea | 99.1 (12.2) | 102.0 (10.1) | 1.22 | 0.27 | 0.02 |
| PLS-4 Auditory Comprehensionb | 94.5 (9.2) | 96.3 (10.0) | .57 | 0.45 | 0.01 |
| PLS-4 Expressive Communicationb | 103.8 (14.1) | 107.3 (9.5) | 1.55 | 0.22 | 0.02 |
| CDI words producedc | 46.0 (14.3) | 53.9 (20.3) | 2.87 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| ITSEA | |||||
| Externalizingb | 49.4 (9.1) | 45.8 (7.6) | 2.99 | 0.09 | 0.05 |
| Internalizingb | 42.4 (8.5) | 46.1 (9.4) | 2.53 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
| Dysregulationb | 40.8 (10.7) | 42.6 (14.2) | .31 | 0.58 | 0.01 |
| Competenciesb | 41.3 (8.9) | 44.7 (8.6) | 2.27 | 0.14 | 0.04 |
| Vineland II Compositea | 94.3 (8.7) | 97.5 (6.5) | 3.20 | 0.08 | 0.05 |
| Communicationa | 96.8 (10.1) | 100.5 (10.2) | 2.25 | 0.14 | 0.03 |
| Daily Living Skillsa | 91.8 (10.0) | 93.5 (8.7) | .60 | 0.44 | 0.01 |
| Socializationa | 95.5 (8.8) | 97.5 (6.5) | .64 | 0.43 | 0.01 |
| Motor Skillsa | 98.0 (10.8) | 102.0 (8.8) | 2.94 | 0.09 | 0.04 |
Note: MSEL = Mullen Scales of Early Learning; PLS-4 = Preschool Language Scales-Fourth Edition; CDI = MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory; ITSEA = Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment; Vineland II = Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition.
a
Standard scores.
b
T-scores.
c
Percentile scores.