Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Early Hum Dev. 2014 Dec 2;91(1):47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.11.005

Table 5.

Bivariate associations for parenting factors and child developmental outcomes.

Variable Hard of Hearing (n = 27)
Normal Hearing (n = 40)
PSI-SF
Total Stress
MSE PSI-SF
Total Stress
MSE
PSI-SF Total Stress --- −.61** --- .37*
MSE −.61** --- −.37* ---
MSEL Early Learning Composite −.41* .49* .10 .06
PLS-4 Total Language −.31 .41* −.18 .04
CDI words produced percentile −.09 .01 −.03 .11
Vineland II Composite −.31 .42* −.01 .18
ITSEA Externalizing .47* −.48* .32* .01
ITSEA Internalizing .33 −.48* .28 .06
ITSEA Dysregulation .51* −.41* .52** −.08
ITSEA Competencies −.58 .55** −.07 .11

Note: PSI-SF = Parent Stress Index – Short Form; MSE = Maternal Self-Efficacy; MSEL = Mullen Scales of Early Learning; PLS-4 = Preschool Language Scales-Fourth Edition; CDI = MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory; Vineland II = Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition; ITSEA = Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment.

*

p < .05,

**

p < .01.