Table 1.
Maternal characteristics and risk for Plasmodium falciparum malaria at first prenatal care visit, 2006–2009a
| Characteristic | Totalb | P. falciparum | Unadjusted risk ratio (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, y | |||
| 20–45 | 658 (82.3) | 60 (9.1) | 1.0 |
| <20 | 141 (17.7) | 27 (19.2) | 2.10 (1.38–3.18) |
| Formal education | |||
| None | 163 (20.6) | 17 (10.4) | 1.0 |
| Primary | 526 (66.4) | 58 (11.0) | 1.05 (0.63–1,76) |
| Secondary/higher | 103 (13.0) | 11 (10.7) | 1.11 (0.40–3.11) |
| Low household income | |||
| No | 299 (36.8) | 27 (9.0) | 1.0 |
| Yes | 514 (63.2) | 60 (11.7) | 1.31 (0.91–1.88) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/partner | 698 (87.9) | 72 (10.3) | 1.0 |
| Widowed/divorced/single | 96 (12.1) | 14 (14.6) | 1.41 (0.83–2.40) |
| Gravidity | |||
| Multigravida | 601 (75.9) | 56 (9.3) | 1.0 |
| Primigravida | 191 (24.1) | 30 (15.7) | 1.68 (1.11–2.54) |
| Bed net use in last 3 months | |||
| Yes | 583 (73.6) | 54 (9.3) | 1.0 |
| No | 209 (26.4) | 33 (15.8) | 1.71 (1.14–2.55) |
| Malaria treatment in last 3 months | |||
| Yes | 88 (11.1) | 6 (6.9) | 1.0 |
| No | 706 (88.9) | 81 (11.5) | 1.68 (0.76–3.74) |
| Maternal anemia | |||
| Hemoglobin ≥9 g/dL | 506 (73.3) | 38 (7.5) | 1.0 |
| Hemoglobin <9 g/dL | 184 (26.7) | 21 (11.4) | 1.38 (0.95–1.99) |
| Body mass indexc | 24.2 (22.2–26.9) | 23.9 (22.1–26.0) | — |
a
Values are given as number (percentage) or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated.
b
Differences in numbers are due to missing data.
c
Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.