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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 14.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):917–921. doi: 10.1126/science.1222454

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Scaffoldless tissue-engineering. The cell source chosen for cartilage generation, treated with appropriate culture conditions, must have the ability to produce matrix specific to articular cartilage and must not evoke an immune response. TGF-β family growth factors, physiologic mechanical stimulation, and matrix remodeling enzymes have shown a large degree of promise as stimuli.