Table 4.

Tests of fixed effects for all traits analyzed

Effect	Wald statistic	P
Tarsus length
Brood-size manipulation	3	0.068
Female age	0	0.545
Year	33	<0.001
Sex	10	<0.001
Body weight
Brood-size manipulation	34.92	<0.001
Female age	2.36	0.12
Year	0.27	0.6
Sex	46.1	<0.001
Tarsus length	28.67	<0.001
Response to PHA
Brood-size manipulation	1.91	0.16
Female age	0.29	0.59
Body mass	24.63	<0.001