Table 1.
Baseline descriptive characteristics of participants across levels of standing time
| Rarely/Never | Half of the time | Most of the time | All the time | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ( n = 97) | ( n = 66) | ( n = 57) | ( n = 73) | ||
| Age (years) | 37.3 ± 14.7 | 42.2 ± 13.7 | 42.6 ± 14.0 | 35.6 ± 12.2 | <0.01 |
| Sex | |||||
| Men (%) | 56 | 37 | 37 | 43 | |
| Women (%) | 44 | 63 | 63 | 57 | 0.04 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 5.5 | 26.3 ± 6.3 | 25.1 ± 4.5 | 25.2 ± 5.6 | 0.61 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 85.0 ± 14.9 | 84.4 ± 16.8 | 82.2 ± 12.6 | 81.9 ± 15.6 | 0.53 |
| Weight statusa | |||||
| Normal weight (%) | 50 | 52 | 58 | 59 | |
| Overweight (%) | 35 | 22 | 29 | 26 | |
| Obese (%) | 15 | 26 | 13 | 15 | 0.35 |
| Diabetes statusb | |||||
| Normal (%) | 84 | 76 | 81 | 95 | |
| IGT (%) | 10 | 20 | 14 | 3 | |
| Type 2 diabetes (%) | 6 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 0.08 |
| Smoking habits | |||||
| Nonsmoker (%) | 84 | 87 | 85 | 79 | |
| Smoker (%) | 16 | 13 | 15 | 21 | 0.64 |
| Total annual family income ($C) | 66,848 ± 26,846 | 54,180 ± 24,886 | 52,700 ± 21,740 | 56,323 ± 23,238 | <0.01 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 2,329 ± 634 | 2,211 ± 648 | 2,226 ± 647 | 2,498 ± 979 | 0.11 |
| PWC150 (kpm/kg) | 9.3 ± 2.9 | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 8.5 ± 3.6 | 9.1 ± 3.2 | 0.68 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD for continuous variables and percentage (%) for categorical variables. Statistical significance was assessed by analysis of variance with continuous variables and by a chi-squared test with categorical variables. aNormal weight (body mass index between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (body mass index between 25.0 and 29.9 kg/m2) and obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2). bType 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were defined according to the American Diabetes Association and the World Health Organization criteria [26,27]. Abbreviations: IGT impaired glucose tolerance; PWC 150 physical work capacity at a heart rate of 150 bpm.