Table 2.

The Colorectal Cancer Subtyping Consortium classification of colorectal cancer

Classifier	Frequency (%)	Characteristics
CMS1	14	MSI, immune pathway activation/expression, right‐side tumours, older age at diagnosis, females, hypermutation, BRAF mutation, intermediate survival
CMS2	41	High CIN, MSS, strong Wnt/Myc pathway activation, left‐side tumours, TP53 mutation, EGFR amplification/overexpression, better survival
CMS3	8	Low CIN, moderate Wnt/Myc pathway activation, KRAS mutation, PIK3CA mutation, IGFBP2 overexpression, intermediate survival
CMS4	20	CIN/MSI heterogeneous, mesenchymal/TGF‐β activation, younger age at diagnosis, NOTCH3/VEGFR2 overexpression, worse survival

CMS, Colorectal cancer Molecular Subtype; MSI, microsatellite instability; CIN, chromosomal instability; MSS, microsatellite stable; TGF, transforming growth factor.