Table 5.

The effects of TCA cycle intermediates and their isomers on C. elegans lifespan

Treatment	Concentration	% of untreated mean lifespan	p-value	# of worms	Replicates
succinate	1 mM	111	<0.001	590	4
	5 mM	110	<0.001	570	4
	10 mM	104	0.098	607	4
citrate1	10 mM	98	0.414	229	2
α-ketoglutarate	0.1 mM	110	<0.001	261	3
	1 mM	115	<0.001	345	3
	5 mM	111	<0.001	337	3
	10 mM	107	0.042	333	3
DL-isocitrate	1 mM	103	0.202	452	4
	5 mM	113	<0.001	523	4
	10 mM	72	<0.001	217	4
D-malate	1 mM	85	<0.001	106	1
	5 mM	76	<0.001	77	1
	10 mM	79	<0.001	142	1

¹compared to a medium lacking citrate. All other experiments contain 10 mM citrate as part of the standard culture media.