Table 1.
Human parent brain responses to own and other infant cries. Anatomical brain regions with increased activity (ACT), and areas of decreased activity (DEACT) are indicated. Empty boxes indicate no significant changes in brain activity with exposure to baby sounds.
| Authors Year: |
Lorberbaum et al. (1999) |
Lorberbaum et al. (2002) |
Seifritz et al. (2003) |
Swain et al. (2003, 2004a, 2006) |
Swain et al. (2003, 2004a) |
Swain et al. (2008, submitted for publication) |
Kim et al. (2010a) | Kim et al. (2010c) | ||
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| Number of subjects: | n=4 | n=10 | n=20 | n=7–14 | n=7–8 | n=12 | n=26 | n=20 | ||
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| Age of infants at time of scan: | 3 weeks– 3.5 years |
1–2 months | <3 years | Time 1: 2–4 weeks
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Time 1: 2– 4 weeks
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2–4 weeks | 2–4 weeks | 2–4 weeks | ||
| Time 2: 3–4 months | Time 2: 3– 4 months | |||||||||
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| Parental groups: | Mothers only | Mothers only | Mothers+fathers+ non-parents |
Novice+multiparous mothers |
Novice+multiparous fathers |
Novice mothers (vaginal>c/s) |
Novice+multiparous mothers (PBI: high>low) |
Novice+multiparous mothers (breast>formula feeding) |
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| Type of study: | 1.5 T, 30 s blocks, fixed effects |
1.5 T, 30 s blocks, random effects |
1.5 T, 6 s events, random effects |
3 T, 30 s blocks, fixed effects |
3 T, 30 s blocks, fixed effects |
3 T, 30 s blocks, random effects |
3 T, 30 s blocks, random effects |
3 T, 30 s blocks, random effects | ||
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| Baby cry used: | Other cry> white noise |
Other cry> control noise |
Other cry+laugh | Own cry> control |
Other cry> control |
Own cry> control |
Other cry> control |
Own baby cry> other baby cry |
Cry>control sound | Own>Other Cry; Breast> Formula |
| Septal regions (MPOA/VBNST/caudate head) | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | ||||||
| Hypothalamus | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||||
| Thalamus | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | ACT (Breast>formula) | |||||
| Striatum/Putamen/Nucleus accumbens | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | ACT (Breast>formula) | ||||
| Anterior cingulate | ACT | ACT | DEACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||
| Middle cingulate | ACT | ACT | ACT (Breast>formula) | |||||||
| Posterior cingulate | ACT | ACT | ||||||||
| Amygdala | ACT (cry–rest) | ACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | ||||||
| Lentiform nucleus globus pallidus | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||||
| Hippocampus | ACT | ACT | ||||||||
| Midbrain | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ||||||
| Insula | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (Breast>formula) | ||||
| Orbitofrontal/inferior frontal gyri | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ||||
| Medial frontal gyrus | ACT | ACT | DEACT | DEACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | ACT+high>low PMC | |||
| Ventral prefrontal cortex | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT+DLPFChigh> low PMC | ||||||
| Temporoparietal cortex | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | |||
| Parahippocamal/limbic lobe | ACT | ACT | ||||||||
| Occipital cortex | Not examined | Not examined | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||
| Fusiform gyrus | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT+high>low PMC | ACT (Breast>formula) | ||||
| Superior temporal/auditory cortex | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (vaginal>c/s) | ACT+high>low PMC | ACT (Breast>formula) | ||||
| Cerebellum | Not examined | Not examined | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||