Table 2.
Human parent brain responses to infant pictures. Anatomical brain regions with increased activity (ACT) during infant cry, and areas of decreased activity (DEACT) are indicated. Empty boxes indicate no significant changes in brain activity with exposure to baby pictures.
| Authors
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Bartels and Zeki (2004a, 2004b) |
Nitschke et al. (2004) |
Ranote et al. (2004) |
Strathearn et al. (2005, 2008, 2009) |
Swain et al. (2003, 2004a, b, 2005) |
Swain et al. (2003, 2004a, b, 2005) |
Noriuchi et al. (2008) |
Lenzi et al. (2008) | ||
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| Number of subjects | n=19 | n=6 | n=10 | n=8–28** | n=9–14 | n=4–9 | n=13 | n=16 | ||
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| Age of infants at time of scan |
9 month– 3.5 years |
2–4 months | 4–8 months | 3–18 months | Time 1: 2–4 weeks |
Time 1: 2–4 weeks |
16.5 months ± 3.8 |
6–12 months | ||
| Time 2: 3–4 months |
Time 2: 3–4 months |
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| Parental groups | Mothers only | Mothers only | Mothers only | Mothers only | Novice +multiparous mothers |
Novice+ multiparous fathers |
Mothers only | Novice | ||
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| Type of study: (all silent visuals) |
2 T,15 s blocks | 1.5 T, 30 s blocks |
1.5 T,20–40 s videos |
3 T, 6 s events | 3 T, 30 s blocks | 3 T, 30 s blocks | 1.5 T, 32 s video blocks |
3 T,2 s mini-blocks, | ||
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| Random effects | Fixed effects | Random effects |
Fixed effects | Fixed effects | Fixed effects | Random effects |
Random effects | |||
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| Baby visual | Own>other | Own>other | Own>other | Own>other | Own>other/ baby>house |
Own>other/ baby>house |
Own>other | Own, other—joy, distress, ambiguous, neutral |
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| Septal regions (MPOA/VBNST/ caudate head) | ACT | ACT (joy-other) | ||||||||
| Hypothalamus | ACT | ACT | ||||||||
| Thalamus | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (joy-other) | |
| Striatum/putamen/ nucleus accumbens | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||
| Anterior cingulate | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||
| Middle cingulate | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ||||||
| Posterior cingulate | DEACT | ACT | ||||||||
| Amygdala | DEACT | ACT | ACT | |||||||
| Lentiform nucleus/ globus pallidus | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (joy-other) | ||||||
| Hippocampus | ACT | ACT | ||||||||
| Midbrain | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ||||
| Insula | ACT | ACT | ACT (emo-neutral, own-other*) | |||||||
| Orbitofrontal/inferior frontal | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (own-other*) | ||
| Medial frontal gyrus | DEACT | DEACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||
| Ventral prefrontal | ACT | ACT (emo-neutral, own-other*) | ||||||||
| Temporoparietal | DEACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (emo-neutral, own-other*) | |||
| Parahippocamal/ limbic lobe | ACT | ACT (joy-other) | ||||||||
| Occipital cortex | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||
| Fusiform gyrus | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT (joy-other) | |
| Superior temporal/ auditory cortex | ACT | ACT | ACT (emo-neutral, own-other*) | |||||||
| Cerebellum | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | ACT | |||||