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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015 Mar;21(3):645–655. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000297

Figure 3. Proposed mechanism, how PTPN22 is involved in IBD pathogenesis.

Figure 3

Inflammatory insults result in high levels of TNF, IFN-γ and IL-1β. TNF and IL-1β reduce PTPN22 expression in myeloid immune cells. Upon loss of PTPN22, monocytes/macrophages secrete increased levels of IL-6 and IL-8 and differentiate preferentially into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. The increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules on DC results in an enhanced activation of the adaptive immune system. B: B cell, DC: dendritic cell; IFN: interferon; M/MF: Macrophage; M1: inflammatory macrophage; T: T cell; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.