Table 2.
Diabetes nutrition therapy according to insulin regimen among individuals with Type 1 diabetes in Chinaa,b
| Insulin regimen | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
|
All
N = 100 |
Multiple daily
injections with basal insulin N = 42 |
Pump
N= 9 |
Multiple
daily injections and no basal insulin N = 30 |
1–2 injections
N = 19 |
P * | |
| SMBG, n (%) | ||||||
| < 1 time/week or not at all | 31 (31) | 6 (14) | 1 (11) | 17 (57) | 7 (37) | 0.005 |
| 1–2 times/week | 27 (27) | 10 (24) | 2 (22) | 8 (27) | 7 (37) | |
| 3–6 times/week | 12 (12) | 7 (17) | 2 (22) | 2 (7) | 1 (5) | |
| ≥ 1 time/day | 30 (30) | 19 (45) | 4 (44) | 3 (10) | 4 (21) | |
|
| ||||||
| Dietary flexibility, n (%) | ||||||
| Eat same amount at same time everyday |
67 (67) | 32 (76) | 4 (44) | 17 (57) | 14 (74) | 0.14 |
| Eat different amounts or at different times everyday |
33 (33) | 10 (24) | 5 (56) | 13 (43) | 5 (26) | |
|
| ||||||
| Action if diet varies, n (%) | ||||||
| Adjustment of insulin | 57 (57) | 26 (62) | 6 (67) | 17 (57) | 8 (42) | 0.21 |
| Adjustment of insulin or exercise | 8 (8) | 5 (12) | 2 (22) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | |
| Adjustment of exercise | 15 (15) | 5 (12) | 1 (11) | 5 (17) | 4 (21) | |
| None: rigid diet | 20 (20) | 6 (14) | 0 (0) | 8 (27) | 6 (32) | |
|
| ||||||
| Ever met with a dietician, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 48 (48) | 22 (52) | 4 (44) | 15 (50) | 7 (37) | 0.71 |
| No | 52 (52) | 20 (48) | 5 (56) | 15 (50) | 12 (63) | |
|
| ||||||
|
Individual or group education in
preceding 12 months that covered nutrition, n (%) |
||||||
| Yes | 18 (18) | 10 (24) | 0 (0) | 5 (17) | 3 (16) | 0.39 |
| No | 82 (82) | 32 (76) | 9 (100) | 25 (83) | 16 (84) | |
|
| ||||||
| Carbohydrate counting, n (%) | ||||||
| Taught and use sometimes | 12 (12) | 6 (14) | 1 (11) | 4 (13) | 1 (5) | 0.20 |
| Taught but never use | 52 (52) | 26 (62) | 6 (67) | 13 (43) | 7 (37) | |
| Never taught | 36 (36) | 10 (24) | 2 (22) | 13 (43) | 11 (58) | |
|
| ||||||
| Eating plan, n (%) | ||||||
| Given and use sometimes | 32 (32) | 16 (38) | 1 (11) | 11 (37) | 4 (21) | 0.32 |
| Given but never use | 40 (40) | 17 (40) | 5 (56) | 12 (40) | 6 (32) | |
| Never given | 28 (28) | 9 (21) | 3 (33) | 7 (23) | 9 (47) | |
SMBG, self-monitoring of blood glucose.
*
P value from chi-squared test.