Table 4.
Summary of studies demonstrating specific impacts of tourism activities in the Andes. * = studies conducted outside the Andes main range, 1 = Sierras Grandes, 2 = Sierras Pampeanas. + Ecoregions from column A – Experimental research
| Experimental research | # studies | Ecoregions+ |
|---|---|---|
| All studies | 25 | |
| In protected areas | 23 | |
| Ecoregions | ||
| aCentral Andean Wet Puna | 2 | |
| bCórdoba Montane Savannas*1 | 1 | |
| cEastern Cordillera Real Montane Forests | 2 | |
| dMagellanic subpolar forest | 7 | |
| eMonte*2 | 1 | |
| fSouthern Andean Steppe | 10 | |
| gValdivian Temperate Forests | 3 | |
| Methods | ||
| Observation | 9 | a, d, e, f |
| Manipulative | 6 | c, f |
| Disturbed/control sites | 10 | b, d, f, g |
| Human activity | ||
| Simulated birdwatcher play back | 1 | c |
| Camping | 5 | a, c, d, f |
| Dispersed use | 1 | f |
| Hiking/walking trails | 10 | a, b, c, f |
| Ski run preparation | 1 | f |
| Standing/observing wildlife | 5 | c, e, f, g |
| Pack animals grazing | 2 | a, f |
| Vehicles | 1 | e1 |
| Topic studied | ||
| Vegetation | 14 | |
| Contemporary landscape change due to trails & grazing | 2 | a |
| Changes in vegetation composition due to trails & campsites | 2 | a, f, d |
| Changes in vegetation composition due to dispersed use | 1 | f |
| Changes in vegetation structure and biomass due to grazing | 1 | f |
| Habitat fragmentation from informal trails | 1 | f |
| Non-native plants on trails & roads | 4 | d, f, g |
| Reductions in vegetation cover due to trails & campsites | 8 | a, d, f, |
| Vegetation tolerance to ski run preparation | 1 | f |
| Vegetation tolerance to trampling | 2 | f |
| Vegetation recovery from tourist-ignited fires | 1 | d |
| Effects of grazing exclusion from pack animals | 1 | f |
| Soils | 4 | |
| Sediment yield & runoff | 1 | c |
| Trail depth | 2 | d, f |
| Campfire impacts on physico-chemical properties of soils | 1 | d |
| Soil compaction | 1 | f |
| Water systems | 1 | |
| Increased nutrients & associated algal growth in water bodies | 1 | f |
| Wildlife | 8 | |
| Ungulates (Lama guanicoe) response to human presence | 2 | d, e |
| Birds response to human presence | 5 | b, d, f, g |
| Birds response to simulated birdwatcher playback | 1 | c |