Table 1. Etiology of non-atherosclerotic SCAD.

Predisposing arteriopathy

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Pregnancy: history of multiple pregnancy, peri-partum

Connective tissue disorder: Marfan’s syndrome, Ehler Danlos syndrome, cystic medial necrosis, fibromuscular dysplasia

Systemic inflammation: systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, polyarteritis nodosa, sarcoidosis

Hormonal therapy

Coronary artery spasm

Idiopathic

Precipitating stress events

Intense exercise (aerobic or isometric)

Intense emotional stress

Labor & delivery

Intense Valsalva-type activities (e.g., severe repetitive coughing, retching/vomiting, bowel movement)

Cocaine, amphetamines, met-amphetamines, beta-HCG

SCAD, spontaneous coronary artery dissection.