Table 3.

Pennsylvania Hospitals’ Mean Cancer and Non-Cancer End-of-life Treatment Intensity, by Cohort (N=166 hospitals)^*

Measure	Cancer	CHF/COPD	P-value	Pearson’s Correlation
HPD-based EOL intensity measures
Standardized treatment ratios, mean (SD)
ICU admission	.98 (.31)	1.0 (.23)	0.068	0.81
ICU LOS | ICU admission	1.9 (.60)	1.3 (.41)	<0.001	0.76
Mechanical ventilation	.89 (.36)	.94 (.29)	0.003	0.73
Hemodialysis	.86 (.71)	.87 (.55)	0.809	0.60
Tracheostomy	.76 (.88)	.82 (.60)	0.334	0.43
Gastrostomy tube placement	.94 (.53)	.90 (.45)	0.365	0.29
EOL intensity index, mean (SD)†	.029 (.82)	.053 (.97)	0.631	0.75
Decedent-based EOL Intensity Measures
Standardized treatment ratios, mean (SD)
ICU admission	.89 (.28)	.96 (.22)	<0.001	0.78
ICU LOS | ICU admission	2 (.67)	1.4 (.43)	<0.001	0.64
Mechanical ventilation	.84 (.32)	.91 (.26)	<0.001	0.73
Hemodialysis	.80 (.67)	.85 (.59)	0.203	0.71
Tracheostomy	.56 (.61)	.71 (.55)	0.001	0.53
Gastrostomy tube placement	.90 (.75)	.91 (.52)	0.852	0.30
EOL intensity index, mean (SD)†	.035 (.87)	.055 (.98)	0.699	0.75

^*Values provided are the mean treatment intensity scores for the standardized observed to expected treatment intensity ratio for cancer and CHF/COPD. Scores <1 indicate the intensity score for that treatment was less than would expected, while scores >1 indicated the intensity score for that treatment was greater than would be expected.

^†The end-of-life intensity index is an empirically-weighted factor score based upon observed-to-expected ratios of each of the individual treatment ratios (ICU use, ICU length of stay, intubation/mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, hemodialysis, and gastrostomy tube placement) for patients at a high probability of dying during the hospitalization.

^‡LOS indicates Length of Stay