Table 1.
The fifty citation classics in osteoporosis and related research.
| Rank | Paper | Absolute number of citations | Citation density | Level of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | M. R. Urist, “Bone - formation by autoinduction,” Science, vol. 150, pp. 893–899, 1965. | 3056 | 63,6 | N/A |
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| 2 | D. L. Lacey, E. Timms, H. L. Tan, M. J. Kelley, C. R. Dunstan, T. Burgess, R. Elliott, A. Colombero, G. Elliott, S. Scully, H. Hsu, J. Sullivan, N. Hawkins, E. Davy, C. Capparelli, A. Eli, Y. X. Qian, S. Kaufman, I. Sarosi, V. Shalhoub, G. Senaldi, J. Guo, J. Delaney, and W. J. Boyle, “Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation,” Cell, vol. 93, pp. 165–176, 1998. | 2768 | 184,5 | N/A |
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| 3 | J. M. Wozney, V. Rosen, A. J. Celeste, and L. M. Mitsock, “Novel regulators of bone-formation - molecular clones and activities,” Science, vol. 242, pp. 528–1534, 1988. | 2662 | 106,4 | N/A |
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| 4 | W. S. Simonet, D. L. Lacey, C. R. Dunstan, M. Kelley, M. S. Chang, R. Luthy, H. Q. Nguyen, S. Wooden, L. Bennett, T. Boone, G. Shimamoto, M. DeRose, R. Elliott, A. Colombero, H. L. Tan, G. Trail, J. Sullivan, E. Davy, N. Bucay, L. Renshaw Gegg, T. M. Hughes, D. Hill, W. Pattison, P. Campbell, S. Sander, G. Van, J. Tarpley, P. Derby, R. Lee, and W. J. Boyle, Cell, vol. 89, pp. 309–319, 1997. | 2629 | 164,3 | N/A |
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| 5 | H. Yasuda, N. Shima, N. Nakagawa, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kinosaki, S. Mochizuki, A. Tomoyasu, K. Yano, M. Goto, A. Murakami, E. Tsuda, T. Morinaga, K. Higashio, N. Udagawa, N. Takahashi, and T. Suda, “Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, pp. 3597–3602, 1998. | 2206 | 147 | N/A |
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| 6 | T. Komori, H. Yagi, S. Nomura, A. Yamaguchi, K. Sasaki, K. Sasaki, K. Deguchi, Y. Shimizu, R. T. Bronson, Y. H. Gao, M. Inada, M. Sato, R. Okamoto, Y. Kitamura, S. Yoshiki, and T. Kishimoto, “Targeted disruption of Cbfa1 results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to aturational arrest of osteoblasts,” Cell, vol. 89, pp. 755–764, 1998. | 2132 | 133,2 | N/A |
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| 7 | S. R. Cumming, M. C. Nevitt, W. S. Browner, K. Stone, K. M. Fox, K. E. Ensrud, J. C. Cauley, D. Black, and T. M. Vogt, “Risk-factors for hip fracture in white women,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 332, pp. 767–773, 1995. | 2102 | 116,7 | I |
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| 8 | D. M. Black, S. R. Cumming, D.B. Karpf, J. A. Cauley, D. E. Thompson, M. C. Nevitt, D. C. Bauer, H. K. Genant, W. L. Haskell, R. Marcus, S. M. Ott, J. C. Torner, S. A. Quandt, T. F. Reiss, and K. E. Ensrud, “Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures,” Lancet, vol. 348, pp. 1535–1541, 1996. | 2067 | 121,5 | I |
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| 9 | M. C. Chapuy, M. E. Arlot, F. Duboeuf, J. Brun, B. Crouzet, S. Arnaud, P. D. Delmas, and P. J. Meunier, “Vitamin-D(3) and calcium to prevent hip-fractures in elderly women,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 23, pp. 1637–1642, 1992. | 1771 | 84,3 | I |
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| 10 | Y. Y. Kong, H. Yoshida, I. Sarosi, H. L. Tan, E. Timms, C. Capparelli, S. Morony, A. J. Oliveira-dos-Santos, G. Van, A. Itie, W. Khoo, A. Wakeham, C. R. Dunstan, D. L. Lacey, T. W. Mak, W. J. Boyle, and J. M. Penninger, “OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis,” Nature, vol. 397, pp. 315–323, 1999. | 1741 | 124,3 | N/A |
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| 11 | B. Ettinger, D. M. Black, B. H. Mitlak, R. K. Knickerbocker, T. Nickelsen, H. K. Genant, C. Christiansen, P. D. Delmas, J. R. Zanchetta, J. Stakkestad, C. C. Gluer, K. Krueger, F. J. Cohen, S. Eckert, K. E. Ensrud, L. V. Avioli, P. Lips, and S. R. Cummings, “Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 282, pp. 637–645, 1999. | 1732 | 123,7 | I |
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| 12 | B. L. Riggs, and L. J. Melton, “Involutional Osteoporosis,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 314, pp. 1676–1686, 1986. | 1719 | 63,6 | N/A |
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| 13 | D. Marshall, O. Johnell, and H. Wedel, “Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures,” British Medical Journal, vol. 312, pp. 1254–1259, 1996. | 1689 | 99,3 | I |
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| 14 | R. M. Neer, C. D. Arnaud, J. R. Zanchetta, R. Prince, G. A. Gaich, J. Y. Reginster, A. B. Hodsman, E. F. Eriksen, S. Ish-Shalom, H. K. Genant, O. H. Wang, and B. H. Mitlak, “Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis,” Lancet, vol. 344, pp. 1434–1441, 2001. | 1686 | 140,5 | I |
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| 15 | S. R. Cummings, D. M. Black, M. C. Nevitt, W. Browner, J. Cauley, K. Ensrud, H. K. Genant, L. Palermo, J. Scott, and T. M. Vogt, “Bone-density at various sites for prediction of hip-fractures,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 341, pp. 72–75, 1993. | 1667 | 83,3 | I |
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| 16 | W. J. Boyle, W. S. Simonet, and D. L. Lacey, “Osteoclast differentiation and activation,” Cell, vol. 423, pp. 337–342, 2003. | 1651 | 165,1 | N/A |
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| 17 | P. Soriano, C. Montgomery, R. Geske, and A. Bradley, “Targeted disruption of the c-src protooncogene leads to osteopetrosis in mice,” Nature, vol. 64, pp. 693–702, 1991. | 1609 | 73,1 | N/A |
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| 18 | J. A. Kanis, L. J. Melton, C. Christiansen, C. C. Johnston, and N. Khaltaev, “Perspective-the diagnosis of osteoporosis,” Cell, vol. 9, pp. 1137–1141, 1994. | 1532 | 80,6 | N/A |
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| 19 | F. Otto, A. P. Thornell, T. Crompton, A. Denzel, K. C. Gilmour, I. R. Rosewell, G. W. H. Stamp, R. S. P. Beddington, S. Mundlos, B. R. Olsen, P. B. Selby, and M. J. Owen, “Cbfa1, a candidate gene for cleidocranial dysplasia syndrome, is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone development,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 89, pp. 765–771, 1997. | 1529 | 95,5 | N/A |
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| 20 | U. A. Liberman, S. R. Weiss, J. Broll, H. W. Minne, H. Quan, N. H. Bell, J. Rodriguezportales, R. W. Downs, J. Dequeker, M. Favus, E. Seeman, R. R. Recker, T. Capizzi, A. C. Santora, A. Lombardi, R. V. Shah, L. J. Hirsch, and D. B. Karpf, “Effect of oral alendronate on bone-mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 333, pp. 1437–1443, 1995. | 1484 | 82,4 | I |
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| 21 | N. A. Morrison, J. C. Qi, A. Tokita, P. J. Kelly, L. Crofts, T. V. Nguyen, P. N. Sambrook, and J. A. Eisman, “Prediction of bone-density from vitamin-d receptor alleles,” Nature, vol. 367, pp. 284–287, 1994. | 1372 | 72,2 | N/A |
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| 22 | S. L. Teitelbaum, “Bone resorption by osteoclasts,” Science, vol. 289, pp. 1504–1508, 2000. | 1370 | 105,3 | N/A |
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| 23 | N. Bucay, I. Sarosi, C. R. Dunstan, S. Morony, J. Tarpley, C. Capparelli, S. Scully, H. L. Tan, W. L. Xu, D. L. Lacey, W. J. Boyle, and W. S. Simonet, “Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification,” Genes & Development, vol. 12, pp. 1260–1268, 1998. | 1292 | 86,1 | N/A |
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| 24 | S. T. Harris, N. B. Watts, H. K. Genant, C. D. McKeever, T. Hangartner, M. Keller, C. H. Chesnut, J. Brown, E. F. Eriksen, M. S. Hoseyni, D. W. Axelrod, and P. D. Miller, “Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis - a randomized controlled trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 282, pp. 1344–1352, 1999. | 1291 | 92,2 | I |
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| 25 | S. R. Cummings, J. L. Kelsey, M. C. Nevitt, and K. J. Odowd, “Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures,” Epidemiologic Reviews, vol. 7, pp. 178–208, 1985. | 1259 | 44,9 | N/A |
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| 26 | A. Klibanski, L. Adams-Campbell, T. Bassford, S. N. Blair, S. D. Boden, K. Dickersin, D. R. Gifford, L. Glasse, S. R. Goldring, K. Hruska, S. R. Johnson, L. K. McCauley, and W. E. Russell, “Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 285, pp. 785–795, 2001. | 1254 | 104,5 | N/A |
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| 27 | S. R. Cummings, D. M. Black, D. E. Thompson, W. B. Applegate, E. Barrett-Connor, T. A. Musliner, L. Palermo, R. Prineas, S. M. Rubin, J. C. Scott, T. Vogt, R. Wallace, A. J. Yates, and A. Z. LaCroix, “Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures - Results from the fracture intervention trial,” The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 280, pp. 2077–2082, 1998. | 1245 | 83 | I |
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| 28 | D. R. Bertolini, G. E. Nedwin, and T. S. Bringman, “Stimulation of bone-resorption and inhibition of bone-formation invitro by human-tumor necrosis factors,” Nature, vol. 319, pp. 516–518, 1986. | 1176 | 43,5 | N/A |
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| 29 | B. DawsonHughes, S. S. Harris, E. A. Krall, and G. E. Dallal, “Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone, density in men and women 65 years of age or older,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, pp. 670–676, 1997. | 1170 | 73,1 | I |
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| 30 | P. D. Delmas, N. H. Bjarnason, B. H. Mitlak, A. C. Ravoux, A. S. Shah, W. J. Huster, M. Draper, and C. Christiansen, “Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 337, pp. 1641–1647, 1997. | 1164 | 72,7 | I |
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| 31 | T. Suda, N. Takahashi, N. Udagawa, E. Jimi, M. T. Gillespie, T. J. Martin, “Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 20, pp. 345–357, 1999. | 1162 | 83 | N/A |
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| 32 | K. Nakashima, X. Zhou, G. Kunkel, Z. P. Zhang, J. M. Deng, R. R. Behringer, and B. de Crombrugghe, “The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor Osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation,” Cell, vol. 108, pp. 17–29, 2002. | 1143 | 103,9 | N/A |
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| 33 | A. M. Parfitt, C. H. E. Mathews, A. R. Villanueva, M. Kleerekoper, B. Frame, and D.S. Rao, “ Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis-implications for the microanatomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 72, pp. 1396–1409, 1983. | 1117 | 37,2 | N/A |
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| 34 | S. R. Cummings, and L. J. Melton, “Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 359, pp. 1761–1767, 2002. | 1089 | 99 | N/A |
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| 35 | E. A. Wang, V. Rosen, J. S. Dalessandro, M. Bauduy, P. Cordes, T. Harada, D. I. Israel, R. M. Hewick, K. M. Kerns, P. Lapan, D. P. Luxenberg, D. McQuaid, I. K. Moutsatsos, J. Nove, and J. M. Wozney, “Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein induces bone-formation,” Lancet, vol. 87, pp. 2220–2224, 1990. | 1077 | 46,8 | N/A |
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| 36 | S. C. Manolagas, and R. L. Jilka, “Mechanisms of disease - bone-marrow, cytokines, and bone remodeling - emerging insights into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis,” The New England Journal of Medicine,vol. 332, pp. 305–311, 1995. | 1047 | 58,1 | N/A |
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| 37 | C. Cooper, G. Campion, and L. J. Melton, “Hip-fractures in the elderly - a worldwide projection,” Osteoporosis International,vol. 2, pp. 285–289, 1992. | 1037 | 49,3 | N/A |
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| 38 | H. K. Genant, C. Y. Wu, C. Vankuijk, and M. C. Nevitt, “Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique,” Science, vol. 8, pp. 1137–1148, 1993. | 1018 | 50,9 | III |
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| 39 | Y. Q. Gong, R. B. Slee, N. Fukai, Y. Q. Gong, R. B. Slee, N. Fukai, G. Rawadi, S. Roman-Roman, A. M. Reginato, H. W. Wang, T. Cundy, F. H. Glorieux, D. Lev, M. Zacharin, K. Oexle, J. Marcelino, W. Suwairi, S. Heeger, G. Sabatakos, S. Apte, W. N. Adkins, J. Allgrove, M. Arslan-Kirchner, J. A. Batch, P. Beighton, G. C. M. Black, R. G. Boles, L. M. Boon, C. Borrone, H. G. Brunner, G. F. Carle, B. Dallapiccola, A. De Paepe, B. Floege, M. L. Halfhide, B. Hall, R. C. Hennekam, T. Hirose, A. Jans, H. Juppner, C. A. Kim, K. Keppler-Noreuil, A. Kohlschuetter, D. LaCombe, M. Lambert, E. Lemyre, T. Letteboer, L. Peltonen, R. S. Ramesar, M. Romanengo, H. Somer, E. Steichen-Gersdorf, B. Steinmann, B. Sullivan, A. Superti-Furga, W. Swoboda, M. J. van den Boogaard, W. Van Hul, M. Vikkula, M. Votruba, B. Zabel, T. Garcia, R. Baron, B. R. Olsen, and M. L. Warman, “LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) affects bone accrual and eye development,” Cell, vol. 107, pp. 513–523, 2001. | 1009 | 84 | N/A |
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| 40 | R. L. Jilka, G. Hangoc, G. Girasole, G. Passeri, D. C. Williams, J. S. Abrams, B. Boyce, H. Broxmeyer, and S. C. Manolagas, “Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss - mediation by interleukin-6,” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 257, pp. 88–91, 1992. | 1008 | 48 | N/A |
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| 41 | R. B. Mazess, H. S. Barden, J. P. Bisek, and J. Hanson, “Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for total-body and regional bone-mineral and soft-tissue composition,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 51, pp. 1106–1112, 1990. | 1000 | 43,4 | III |
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| 42 | B. L. Riggs, H. W. Wahner, W. L. Dunn, R. B. Mazess, K. P. Offord, and L. J. Melton, “Differential changes in bone-mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging - relationship to spinal osteoporosis,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 67, pp. 328–335, 1981. | 971 | 30,3 | III |
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| 43 | C. Maniatopoulos, J. Sodek, and A. H. Melcher, “Bone-formation invitro by stromal cells obtained from bone-marrow of young-adult rats,” Cell and Tissue Research, vol. 254, pp. 317–330, 1988. | 964 | 38,5 | N/A |
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| 44 | M. R. McClung, P. Geusens, P. D. Miller, H. Zippel, W. G. Bensen, C. Roux, S. Adami, I. Fogelman, T. Diamond, R. Eastell, P. J. Meunier, J. Y. Reginster, R. D. Wasnich, M. Greenwald, J. Kaufman, and C. H. Chestnut, “Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 344, pp. 333–340, 2001. | 954 | 79,5 | I |
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| 45 | P. Ducy, M. Amling, S. Takeda, M. Priemel, A. F. Schilling, F. T. Beil, J. H. Shen, C. Vinson, J. M. Rueger, and G. Karsenty, “Leptin inhibits bone formation through a hypothalamic relay: A central control of bone mass,” Cell, vol. 100, pp. 197–207, 2000. | 946 | 72,7 | N/A |
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| 46 | R. Lindsay, D. M. Hart, J. M. Aitken, E. B. MacDonald, J. B. Anderson, and A. C. Clarke, “Long-term prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis by estrogen - evidence for an increased bone mass after delayed onset of estrogen-treatment,” Lancet, vol. 1, pp. 1038–1041, 1976. | 938 | 25,3 | II |
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| 47 | H. L. Hsu, D. L. Lacey, C. R. Dunstan, I. Solovyev, A. Colombero, E. Timms, H. L. Tan, G. Elliott, M. J. Kelley, I. Sarosi, L. Wang, X. Z. Xia, R. Elliott, L. Chiu, T. Black, S. Scully, C. Capparelli, S. Morony, G. Shimamoto, M. B. Bass, and W. J. Boyle, “Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand,” Nature, vol. 96, pp. 3540–3545, 1999. | 904 | 64,5 | N/A |
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| 48 | M. Gowen, D. D. Wood, E. J. Ihrie, M. K. B. McGuire, and R. G. G. Russell, “An interleukin-1 like factor stimulates bone-resorption in vitro,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 306, pp. 378–380, 1983. | 903 | 30,1 | N/A |
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| 49 | D. C. Klein, and L. G. Raisz, “Prostaglandins - stimulation of bone resorption in tissue culture,” Endocrinology, vol. 86, pp. 1436–40, 1970. | 880 | 20,4 | N/A |
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| 50 | S. C. Manolagas, “Birth and death of bone cells: Basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis,” American Journal of Medicine, vol. 21, pp. 115–137, 2000. | 877 | 67,4 | N/A |