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Assessment of risk of bias for included studies
| Study | Selection bias
|
Performance bias
|
Attrition bias
|
Reporting bias
|
Other bias
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Incomplete outcome data | Selective outcome reporting | Free of other bias | |
| Mackintosh and Sheppard41 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ○ | × |
| Pitkälä et al39 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Suttanon et al36 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Wesson et al40 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ● | ○ | ○ |
Note: Bias was scored as low risk (○), unclear (×), or high risk (•).
