Table 3.
Association Between Heart Rate and Heart Failure
| Resting Heart Rate (bpm) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (<57) | Q2 (58 to 63) | Q3 (64 to 71) | Q4 (>72) | |
| 3 studies, 7073 participants 1189 cases | ||||
| Age, sex | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.03) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.32) | 1.48 (1.26 to 1.74) |
| + Body mass index, history of diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, creatinine & left ventricular hypertrophy | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.32) | 1.30 (1.10 to 1.53) |
| 3 studies, 7049 participants 1186 cases | ||||
| Basic model* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.23) | 1.29 (1.10 to 1.52) |
| + History of CVD | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.71 to 1.00) | 1.07 (0.91 to 1.26) | 1.34 (1.14 to 1.58) |
| 3 studies, 7040 participants 1185 cases | ||||
| Basic model* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.71 to 1.00) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.25) | 1.32 (1.12 to 1.56) |
| + Fasting glucose | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.71 to 1.00) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.24) | 1.28 (1.09 to 1.50) |
| 3 studies, 7066 participants 1188 cases | ||||
| Basic model* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.23) | 1.30 (1.10 to 1.53) |
| + Anti‐hypertensive use | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.98) | 1.06 (0.90 to 1.24) | 1.31 (1.11, 1.54) |
| 3 studies, 7055 participants, 1185 cases | ||||
| Basic model* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.23) | 1.30 (1.10 to 1.53) |
| + log triglycerides, total cholesterol, & HDL‐c | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.69 to 0.97) | 1.04 (0.89 to 1.22) | 1.28 (1.09 to 1.51) |
| 2 studies, 5364 participants 1038 cases | ||||
| Basic model* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.98) | 1.06 (0.89 to 1.26) | 1.26 (1.06 to 1.51) |
| + Albumin | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.98) | 1.08 (0.91 to 1.29) | 1.30 (1.09 to 1.55) |
| 2 studies, 5345 participants 1036 cases | ||||
| Basic model* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.98) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.25) | 1.26 (1.06 to 1.50) |
| + log CRP | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.80 (0.67 to 0.97) | 1.01 (0.85 to 1.20) | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.37) |
| 3 studies, 7073 participants 1189 cases | ||||
| Basic model | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.12 (0.96 to 1.32) | 1.30 (1.10 to 1.53) |
| + Incident CHD as a time varying covariate | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.99) | 1.13 (0.95 to 1.35) | 1.38 (1.16 to 1.65) |
| 3 studies, 5528 participants 826 cases | ||||
| Excluding people with hx of CVD* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.78 (0.63 to 0.97) | 1.12 (0.93 to 1.36) | 1.33 (1.09 to 1.62) |
| 3 studies, 6188 participants 992 cases | ||||
| Excluding people using beta blockers* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.79 (0.65 to 0.96) | 1.04 (0.87 to 1.24) | 1.31 (1.10 to 1.57) |
| 3 studies, 6838 participants 1085 cases | ||||
| Excluding first 2 years of follow‐up* | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.70 to 1.00) | 1.03 (0.87 to 1.22) | 1.27 (1.07 to 1.50) |
CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
*
Basic model incudes: age, sex, body mass index, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, smoking status, serum creatinine, and left ventricular hypertrophy.