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. 2015 Jan 27;4(1):e001423. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001423

Table 5.

Effect Modification by Position‐Specific TLR2 Methylation on the Association Between PM2.5 Exposure and HRV (N=500)

Position Methylation % Change* 95% CI P Value % Change* 95% CI P Value % Change* 95% CI P Value
HR rMSSD SDNN
1 Midpoint of Q1 0.36 −1.96 to 2.75 0.76 7.26 −8.65 to 25.94 0.39 1.66 −9.79 to 14.56 0.79
Midpoint of Q2 0.42 −1.38 to 2.24 0.65 −4.56 −15.66 to 8.01 0.46 −4.30 −12.71 to 4.93 0.35
Midpoint of Q3 0.46 −1.22 to 2.17 0.60 −13.25 −22.84 to −2.47 0.02 −8.91 −16.51 to −0.63 0.04
Midpoint of Q4 0.53 −1.72 to 2.83 0.65 −26.01 −36.84 to −13.31 0.0002 −16.11 −25.42 to −5.64 0.004
P for interaction* 0.92 0.0009 0.02
2 Midpoint of Q1 0.08 −2.12 to 2.34 0.94 −0.21 −14.47 to 16.43 0.98 −7.00 −17.08 to 4.3 0.22
Midpoint of Q2 0.28 −1.49 to 2.09 0.76 −6.61 −17.49 to 5.72 0.28 −7.36 −15.51 to 1.58 0.10
Midpoint of Q3 0.44 −1.23 to 2.13 0.61 −11.33 −21.1 to −0.35 0.04 −7.64 −15.31 to 0.73 0.07
Midpoint of Q4 0.75 −1.4 to 2.95 0.50 −20.06 −31.31 to −6.98 0.004 −8.20 −17.98 to 2.74 0.14
P for interaction* 0.65 0.03 0.86
3 Midpoint of Q1 −0.82 −3.19 to 1.61 0.51 5.96 −10.3 to 25.17 0.50 1.15 −10.63 to 14.49 0.86
Midpoint of Q2 −0.16 −1.99 to 1.71 0.86 −3.69 −15.24 to 9.44 0.56 −3.72 −12.44 to 5.87 0.43
Midpoint of Q3 0.37 −1.3 to 2.07 0.67 −10.77 −20.6 to 0.28 0.06 −7.44 −15.13 to 0.94 0.08
Midpoint of Q4 1.27 −0.85 to 3.44 0.24 −21.64 −32.48 to −9.05 0.00 −13.45 −22.51 to −3.33 0.01
P for interaction* 0.18 0.005 0.05
4 Midpoint of Q1 −0.28 −2.62 to 2.12 0.82 2.48 −12.89 to 20.56 0.77 −4.43 −15.3 to 7.83 0.46
Midpoint of Q2 0.11 −1.73 to 1.99 0.90 −4.88 −16.33 to 8.13 0.44 −6.13 −14.66 to 3.25 0.19
Midpoint of Q3 0.45 −1.22 to 2.15 0.60 −10.81 −20.64 to 0.23 0.06 −7.57 −15.25 to 0.8 0.08
Midpoint of Q4 1.10 −1.08 to 3.32 0.33 −21.06 −32.16 to −8.15 0.002 −10.25 −19.8 to 0.45 0.06
P for interaction* 0.38 0.01 0.43
5 Midpoint of Q1 −1.24 −3.63 to 1.2 0.32 6.37 −9.99 to 25.69 0.47 1.72 −10.17 to 15.19 0.79
Midpoint of Q2 −0.31 −2.15 to 1.57 0.75 −3.71 −15.29 to 9.45 0.56 −3.62 −12.39 to 6.02 0.45
Midpoint of Q3 0.48 −1.2 to 2.18 0.58 −11.31 −21.05 to −0.36 0.04 −7.82 −15.46 to 0.52 0.07
Midpoint of Q4 1.81 −0.34 to 4 0.10 −22.79 −33.47 to −10.39 0.0007 −14.49 −23.45 to −4.47 0.006
P for interaction* 0.05 0.003 0.03
LF HF
1 Midpoint of Q1 −11.35 −30.67 to 13.36 0.34 1.00 −22.87 to 32.27 0.94
Midpoint of Q2 −13.74 −28.64 to 4.28 0.13 −9.74 −26.73 to 11.19 0.34
Midpoint of Q3 −15.64 −29.53 to 0.98 0.06 −17.68 −32.53 to 0.45 0.06
Midpoint of Q4 −18.73 −36.26 to 3.64 0.10 −29.38 −46.1 to −7.48 0.01
P for interaction* 0.61 0.06
2 Midpoint of Q1 −17.70 −34.99 to 4.19 0.11 −5.94 −27.43 to 21.91 0.64
Midpoint of Q2 −16.04 −30.54 to 1.48 0.07 −11.67 −28.3 to 8.83 0.24
Midpoint of Q3 −14.72 −28.69 to 1.99 0.08 −15.90 −30.99 to 2.48 0.09
Midpoint of Q4 −12.02 −30.33 to 11.11 0.28 −23.77 −41.18 to −1.22 0.04
P for interaction* 0.67 0.22
3 Midpoint of Q1 4.93 −18.73 to 35.46 0.71 10.57 −16.54 to 46.49 0.48
Midpoint of Q2 −6.44 −23.08 to 13.79 0.51 −4.44 −22.97 to 18.55 0.68
Midpoint of Q3 −14.64 −28.62 to 2.06 0.08 −14.96 −30.18 to 3.58 0.11
Midpoint of Q4 −26.97 −41.87 to −8.26 0.007 −30.26 −45.83 to −10.2 0.005
P for interaction* 0.03 0.01
4 Midpoint of Q1 −12.69 −31.92 to 11.98 0.29 −0.15 −24.04 to 31.25 0.99
Midpoint of Q2 −13.86 −29.23 to 4.84 0.14 −8.49 −26.31 to 13.62 0.42
Midpoint of Q3 −14.86 −28.79 to 1.8 0.08 −15.14 −30.32 to 3.36 0.10
Midpoint of Q4 −16.72 −33.93 to 4.96 0.12 −26.43 −42.95 to −5.13 0.02
P for interaction* 0.77 0.09
5 Midpoint of Q1 −1.26 −23.57 to 27.57 0.92 15.29 −12.68 to 52.22 0.32
Midpoint of Q2 −9.27 −25.47 to 10.46 0.33 −3.32 −21.96 to 19.78 0.76
Midpoint of Q3 −15.39 −29.24 to 1.17 0.07 −16.41 −31.27 to 1.68 0.07
Midpoint of Q4 −24.79 −40.16 to −5.46 0.01 −34.57 −49.1 to −15.88 0.001
P for interaction* 0.10 0.002

HF indicates high‐frequency power (0.15 to 0.4 Hz); HR, heart rate; HRV, heart rate variability; LF, low‐frequency power (0.04 to 0.15 Hz); PM2.5, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm; Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 indicate the first, second, third, and fourth quartile; rMSSD, root mean square of successive differences; SDNN, standard deviation of normal‐to‐normal intervals; TLR2, Toll‐like receptor 2.

*

The percent change in HRV per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration. Results were adjusted for age; body mass index; fasting glucose level; hypertension; smoking status; alcohol consumption; physical exercise; household income; the use of calcium channel blocker, β‐blocker, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; room temperature; outdoor apparent temperature; season; weekday; and visit date.

*

To examine effect modification by position‐specific TLR2 methylation, an interaction term between position‐specific TLR2 methylation and PM2.5 was included in the model.