Table 5.
Multivariate Model
| Variables | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Cardiogenic shock quartiles | |
| >106 cases | 1.00 [Reference] |
| 59 to 106 cases | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.24) |
| 28 to 58 cases | 1.20 (1.08 to 1.32) |
| <28 cases | 1.27 (1.15 to 1.40) |
| Age group, y | |
| <18 | 1.00 [Reference] |
| 18 to 44 | 1.07 (0.99 to 1.16) |
| 45 to 64 | 1.67 (1.55 to 1.81) |
| 65 to 84 | 3.12 (2.86 to 3.40) |
| >85 | 4.14 (2.03 to 8.44) |
| Race | |
| White | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Black | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.02) |
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.11) |
| Native American | 1.08 (0.86 to 1.35) |
| Other | 1.03 (0.94 to 1.12) |
| Female sex | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09) |
| Valvular disease | 1.06 (1.00 to 1.13) |
| Acute MI | 1.23 (1.18 to 1.28) |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 1.13 (1.03 to 1.24) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36) |
| Hypertension | 1.04 (1.00 to 1.08) |
| Paralysis | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.07) |
| Other neurological disorders | 1.41 (1.32 to 1.50) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.87 (0.83 to 0.90) |
| Diabetes without chronic complications | 1.09 (1.05 to 1.14) |
| Diabetes with chronic complications | 0.93 (0.86 to 1.00) |
| Hyperthyroidism | 1.00 (0.94 to 1.07) |
| Renal failure | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) |
| Liver disease | 1.55 (1.41 to 1.72) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 0.71 (0.32 to 1.56) |
| AIDS | 1.30 (0.90 to 1.89) |
| Lymphoma | 1.44 (1.21 to 1.72) |
| Metastatic cancer | 2.05 (1.81 to 2.31) |
| Solid tumor without metastasis | 1.50 (1.33 to 1.69) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.35) |
| Coagulopathy | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) |
| Obesity | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.93) |
| Weight loss | 0.59 (0.55 to 0.63) |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 1.19 (1.15 to 1.23) |
| Chronic blood loss anemia | 0.63 (0.55 to 0.73) |
| Deficiency anemias | 0.77 (0.73 to 0.81) |
| Alcohol abuse | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.96) |
| Drug abuse | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.95) |
| Psychoses | 0.77 (0.68 to 0.87) |
| Depression | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.94) |
| Teaching status | |
| Rural | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Urban nonteaching | 0.94 (0.85 to 1.03) |
| Urban teaching | 0.97 (0.88 to 1.08) |
| Hospital region | |
| Northeast | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Midwest | 0.96 (0.88 to 1.05) |
| South | 0.99 (0.92 to 1.06) |
| West | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) |
| Median household income for patient's ZIP code | |
| 0 to 25th percentile | 1.00 [Reference] |
| 26th to 50th percentile | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) |
| 51st to 75th percentile | 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) |
| 76th to 100th percentile | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 2.75 (2.63 to 2.88) |
| Hemodialysis | 1.33 (1.24 to 1.42) |
| No early revascularization | 2.23 (2.14 to 2.33) |
MI indicates myocardial infarction.