Table 3.

Factors associated with hazardous alcohol use^† over follow-up among HIV-infected men who have sex with men, 2002–2011 (n= 1,065).

Characteristics	OR	95% CI	p-value	AOR	95%CI	p-value
Time (per year)	0.95	0.93 – 0.97	<0.001	0.85	0.76 – 0.95	0.006
Time2 (per year2)	-	-	-	1.02	1.00 – 1.03	0.024
Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics
Age at baseline (per 10 years)	0.81	0.73 – 0.90	<0.001	0.92	0.80 – 1.05	0.219
Education (ref: high school or less)
Some college or greater	1.17	1.02 – 1.34	0.026	0.90	0.73 – 1.11	0.334
Race (ref: white)
African American	0.83	0.66 – 1.06	0.133
Other	1.11	0.67 – 1.85	0.683
Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity (ref: not H/L)	1.31	0.83 – 2.08	0.246
Marital Status (ref: married, living with partner)
Divorced/separated/widowed	0.95	0.69 – 1.31	0.756
Never married	1.12	0.84 – 1.51	0.444
Employment status at baseline (ref: employed)
Unemployed/retired/other	1.01	0.81 – 1.26	0.935
Annual income at baseline (ref: ≥$50,000)
< $6,000	2.43	1.57 – 3.76	<0.001	1.74	1.08 – 2.79	0.022
$6,000 – $11,999	1.47	0.96 – 2.25	0.074	1.28	0.81 – 2.01	0.292
$12,000 – $24,999	1.26	0.83 – 1.91	0.283	1.13	0.73 – 1.74	0.586
$25,000 – $49,999	1.34	0.88 – 2.04	0.170	1.27	0.83 – 1.96	0.272
Ever homeless (ref: no)	1.38	1.10 – 1.73	0.005	0.77	0.58 – 1.02	0.071
Sex partner(s)¶* (ref: males only)
Both males and females	1.17	0.90 – 1.52	0.231
Clinical and Substance Use Factors
Alcohol-related diagnosis§ (ref: no)	2.93	2.30 – 3.73	<0.001	2.71	2.00 – 3.66	<0.001
Drug-related diagnosis§ (ref: no)	1.41	1.16 – 1.70	<0.001	0.86	0.68 – 1.09	0.216
Major depressive disorder diagnosis § (ref: no)	1.13	0.93 – 1.38	0.216
PTSD diagnosis§ (ref: no)	1.41	1.01 – 1.98	0.045	1.03	0.71 – 1.50	0.865
PHQ-9 score* (per unit increase)	1.02	1.00 – 1.03	0.026	1.01	0.99 – 1.02	0.391
Cannabis use¶* (ref: no use)	1.68	1.43 – 1.98	<0.001	1.47	1.22 – 1.76	<0.001
Cocaine use¶* (ref: no use)	2.01	1.63 – 2.47	<0.001	1.55	1.24 – 1.95	<0.001
Stimulant use¶* (ref: no use)	1.61	1.20 −2.17	0.002	1.17	0.85 – 1.61	0.334
Substance abuse treatment¶* (ref: no)	1.24	1.00 – 1.55	0.054
Positive HCV status at baseline (ref: negative)	1.22	0.97 – 1.54	0.087

^†Hazardous alcohol use de ined as ≥ 4 on AUDIT-C (Saitz, 2005);

^¶Denotes use or experiences in the past year;

^*time-updated variable;

^§recorded ICD-9 diagnosis between 12 months before VACS enrollment and end of study period.

Abbreviations: AOR = adjusted odds ratio; AUD = alcohol use disorder; DUD = drug use disorder; HCV = hepatitis C virus; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionniare-9 (Kroenke et al., 2001); PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; OR = odds ratio.