Table 1.

Characteristics of isolated plant diterpenes

Plant extracts	Compounds	JHAN activity (10 ppm)*	LD50 at 24 h (ppm)†	Effect on development (0.5 μg per insect)*	Impaired gene expression (0.5 μg per insect)*
Lindera erythrocarpa fruits	LE3B	0.89	23	Defect of ovarian follicles‡,§	Significant reduction
	LE3E	0.62	47	ND	NS
	LE3G	0.76	31	ND	NS
Solidago serotina roots	SS2A	0.39	>100	ND	NS
	SS5A	0.62	85	Defect of ovarian follicles¶	Significant reduction
Methoprene acid		1	>100	ND	NS

ND, not detected; NS, not significant.

^*Independent three replication dataset.

^†Average of independent two replication data.

^‡Control solvent-treated, follicle number per ovary, 102.32 ± 16.14; control follicle size, 102.31 ± 15.76.

^§LE3B treated, follicle number per ovary, 62.25 ± 10.94 (P = 3.7E-12, t test); control follicle size, 66.41 ± 19.10 (P = 7.0E-49).

^¶SS5A treated, follicle number per ovary, 86.33 ± 6.98 (P = 0.029); control follicle size, 91.27 ± 16.64 (P = 0.054).