Table 1.
Publications including neuroscientific research on phonological or auditory remediation of dyslexia (or its risk).
| Reference | Age of participants (years; mean or range) | Participant N (treatment; control) | Impairment or problem | Content of training | Duration of training | Brain research method | Task in testing | Behavioral improvement (pre-test vs. post-test) | Normalization of brain activation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aylward et al. (2003) | 11 | 10; 11 | Dyslexia | Linguistic awareness, alphabetic principle, fluency, reading comprehension | 2 weeks (28 h) | fMRI | Phoneme mapping, morpheme mapping | Yes | Yes |
| Eden et al. (2004) | 41–44 | 19; 19 | Dyslexia | Sound awareness, establishment of the rules for letter-sound organization, sensory stimulation, articulatory feedback | 8 weeks (112 h) | fMRI | Repeating words, sound deletion | Yes | Yes |
| Gaab et al. (2007) | 10 | 22; 23 | Dyslexia | FastForWord* | 8 weeks (about 67 h) | fMRI | Pitch discrimination | Yes | Yes |
| Hasko et al. (2014) | 8 | 28 (11 improvers, 17 non-improvers); 25 | Dyslexia | Phoneme discrimination and orthographic knowledge; phonics training | 6 months (30 h) | ERP | Phonological lexical decision | Yes (improvers); no (non-improvers) | Yes (improvers); no (non-improvers) |
| Heim et al. (2014) | 8–11 | 35 (12 training phonology, 7 training attention; 14 training reading); 10 | Dyslexia | Phonological (Würzburger Trainingsprogramm, Kieler Leseaufbau), attentional (CogniPlus, Celeco), reading (Blitzschnelle Worterkennung) | 4 weeks (10 h) | fMRI | Reading | Yes | Yes |
| Jucla et al. (2010) | 9–11 | 24; 10 | Dyslexia | Phonological training; visual and orthographic training | 2 months (about 16 h) | ERP | Visual lexical decision | Yes (but also in controls) | Mixed (treatment group showed a different pattern than controls) |
| Keller and Just (2009) | 8–10 | 35 treated poor readers; 12 non-treated poor readers; 25 non-treated good readers | Poor reading | Corrective Reading, Wilson Reading, Spell Read Phonological Auditory Training, Failure Free Reading | 6 months (100 h) | DTI | – | Yes | Yes |
| Kujala et al. (2001) | 7 | 24; 24 | Dyslexia | Non-linguistic audiovisual matching | 7 weeks (about 3 h) | ERP | Passive listening, attention directed elsewhere | Yes | Yes |
| Lovio et al. (2012) | 6–7 | 10; 10 | Difficulties in reading-related skills | GraphoGame: letter–sound correspondences (vs. number-knowledge game for controls) | 3 weeks (3 h) | ERP | Passive listening, attention directed elsewhere | Yes | Yes |
| Meyler et al. (2008) | 10 | 23; 12 | Poor reading | Corrective Reading, Wilson Reading, Spell Read Phonological Auditory Training, Failure Free Reading | 6 months (100 h) | fMRI | Sentence comprehension | Yes | Yes |
| Richards et al. (2000) | 10–13 | 8; 7 | Dyslexia | Phonological and morphological reading instruction | 3 weeks (30 h) | Proton MR spectroscopy | Phonological and lexical access and a non-linguistic tone task | Yes | Yes |
| Richards et al. (2002) | 9–12 | 10; 8 | Dyslexia | Phonological vs. morphological reading instruction | 3 weeks (30 h) | Proton MR spectroscopy | Phonological and lexical tasks, passive listening | Yes | Yes |
| Shaywitz et al. (2004) | 6–9 | 37 (experimental intervention); 12 (community intervention); 28 (control) | Reading disability | Phonological intervention: sound–symbol associations, phoneme analysis, timed reading, oral story reading, dictation (vs. community intervention in school) | 8 months (50 min/day) | fMRI | Cross-modal letter identification | Yes (experimental group); no (community intervention) | Yes (experimental group); no (community intervention) |
| Simos et al. (2002) | 7–17 | 8; 8 | Dyslexia | Phono-Graphix (phonological processing and decoding), Lindamood Phonemic Sequencing | 2 months (80 h) | MSI | Pseudoword rhyme-matching | Yes | Yes |
| Stevens et al. (2013) | 5 | 8; 6 | Risk for reading disability | Early Reading Intervention (phonemic awareness, alphabetic understanding, letter writing, word reading, spelling, sentence reading) | 8 weeks (20 h) | ERP | Selective auditory attention | Yes | Yes |
| Temple et al. (2003) | 8–12 | 20; 12 | Dyslexia | FastForWord* | 8 weeks (about 47 h) | fMRI | Rhyme letters, match letters, match lines | Yes | Yes |
DTI, diffusion tensor imaging; ERP, event-related potential; fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging; MR, magnetic resonance; MSI, magnetic source imaging. *FastForWord includes auditory discrimination, phoneme discrimination, phoneme identification, phonic match, phonic word, understanding instructions, grammatical structures and rules.