TABLE 2—

Adjusted Difference-in-Differences Estimates of the Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Construction on Health and Safety Outcomes at 6 Scales: Philadelphia, PA, 2000–2011

	1/16-Mile Buffer		1/8-Mile Buffer		1/4-Mile Buffer		1/2-Mile Buffer		Census Block Group		Census Tract
Outcome	Coefficient (SE)	R2	Coefficient (SE)	R2	Coefficient (SE)	R2	Coefficient (SE)	R2	Coefficient (SE)	R2	Coefficient (SE)	R2
Crimes, no.
Assaults	0.01 (0.07)	0.40	0.02 (0.06)	0.67	−0.05* (0.04)	0.86	−0.03 (0.04)	0.94	0.09 (0.10)	0.50	0.04 (0.06)	0.82
Assaults with guns	0.00 (0.12)	0.30	0.1 (0.09)	0.45	0.00 (0.05)	0.74	−0.04 (0.04)	0.88	−0.18 (0.09)	0.38	0.02 (0.06)	0.74
Assaults without guns	−0.02 (0.06)	0.26	−0.06 (0.07)	0.55	−0.11* (0.05)	0.69	−0.07 (0.05)	0.72	0.00 (0.09)	0.38	0.03 (0.07)	0.66
Thefts	0.11 (0.08)	0.66	0.07 (0.04)	0.82	0.06 (0.03)	0.91	0.05 (0.03)	0.95	0.17* (0.08)	0.68	0.04 (0.05)	0.80
Burglaries	0.03 (0.06)	0.32	−0.09 (0.06)	0.52	−0.05* (0.03)	0.77	–0.06** (0.02)	0.89	0.11 (0.08)	0.40	−0.03 (0.06)	0.73
Disorderly conducts	0.04 (0.06)	0.47	−0.13 (0.13)	0.47	−0.10 (0.11)	0.62	−0.04 (0.07)	0.79	−0.17 (0.11)	0.43	0.01 (0.10)	0.53
Homicides	0.09* (0.04)	0.57	0.07 (0.06)	0.29	0.07 (0.06)	0.32	−0.04 (0.05)	0.57	−0.05 (0.06)	0.39	−0.14 (0.08)	0.33
Illegal dumping	0.01 (0.03)	0.37	0.03 (0.06)	0.33	0.00 (0.07)	0.44	−0.12 (0.06)	0.60	−0.04 (0.10)	0.35	−0.07 (0.07)	0.34
Public drunkenness	0.05 (0.04)	0.64	0.05 (0.10)	0.44	0.15 (0.15)	0.44	0.19* (0.09)	0.50	−0.06 (0.11)	0.41	0.17 (0.12)	0.36
Robberies	−0.02 (0.08)	0.46	0.02 (0.10)	0.17	−0.02 (0.03)	0.85	−0.02 (0.02)	0.94	−0.04 (0.09)	0.55	0.00 (0.04)	0.80
Robberies with guns	−0.01 (0.06)	0.30	−0.08 (0.06)	0.47	−0.05 (0.04)	0.71	−0.03 (0.02)	0.87	−0.07 (0.07)	0.37	−0.06 (0.05)	0.70
Robberies without guns	−0.11 (0.07)	0.33	−0.05 (0.07)	0.52	−0.01 (0.05)	0.67	−0.04 (0.03)	0.73	−0.04 (0.08)	0.45	0.03 (0.05)	0.65
Vandalism	0.01 (0.07)	0.48	0.04 (0.10)	0.25	−0.04 (0.03)	0.90	0.00 (0.02)	0.95	0.06 (0.07)	0.52	0.02 (0.04)	0.79
Narcotic manufacture	0.09 (0.09)	0.44	−0.06 (0.11)	0.49	–0.21*** (0.06)	0.67	–0.15** (0.05)	0.84	−0.17 (0.10)	0.39	−0.20* (0.08)	0.68
Narcotic possession	–0.26*** (0.08)	0.43	–0.27** (0.09)	0.61	–0.27*** (0.07)	0.77	–0.18*** (0.05)	0.87	−0.18 (0.11)	0.54	–0.19** (0.07)	0.74
Narcotic sales	−0.13 (0.09)	0.48	0.06 (0.10)	0.60	−0.15* (0.07)	0.74	−0.10 (0.06)	0.86	−0.04 (0.14)	0.50	−0.12 (0.10)	0.74
Health outcomes, %
High cholesterol											0.03 (0.02)	0.95
High blood pressure											0.02 (0.02)	0.91
High stressa											−0.01 (0.05)	0.58

Note. Coefficients indicate relative change.

^aWe defined high stress to be an answer at or above 7 to the question “Using a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 means ‘no stress’ and 10 means ‘an extreme amount of stress,’ how much stress would you say you have experienced during the past year?”

*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.