Table 2.

Identification aids to the Culicoides fauna by biogeographical region as defined by Holt et al. (2013).

Biogeographical region	Keys to the Culicoides fauna
Afrotropical and Madagascan	Boorman and Dipeolu (1979, Nigeria), Cornet and Brunhes (1994, Schulzei group, Africa), Glick (1990, Kenya), Khamala and Kettle (1971, eastern Africa), Meiswinkel (1995, Imicola group of C. subg. Avaritia), Meiswinkel and Dyce (1989, C. subg. Synhelea, Africa), Nevill and Dyce (1994, Simils group pupae, Africa), Nevill et al. (2007, Imicola group of C. subg. Avaritia pupae, Africa)
Australasian and Oceania	Bellis et al. (2013b, Immaculatus group, Australasia; 2014a, Imicola group of C. subg. Avaritia, Australasia; 2014b, Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia), Bellis and Dyce (2011, C. subg. Marksomyia, Australasia; 2012, Bancrofti group, Australasia), Dyce et al. (2007, Australasia and Oceania), Dyce and Meiswinkel (1995, C. subg. Tokunagahelea, New Guinea), Dyce and Wirth (1997, Purus group, Australasia, Indonesia), Kettle and Elson (1976, Australian pupae), Lee and Reye (1953, Australia), Tokunaga (1959, 1962a, 1963, 1976, New Guinea), Tokunaga and Murachi (1959, Micronesia), Wirth and Arnaud (1969, Polynesia), Elson-Harris and Murray (1992, Australian pupae)
Nearctic	Atchley (1967) (New Mexico, USA; 1970, C. subg. Selfia, Nearctic), Atchley and Wirth (1979) (Haematopotus group, Nearctic), Blanton and Wirth (1979, Florida, USA), Downes and Wirth (1981, Nearctic), Foote and Pratte (1954, eastern USA), Fox (1955, Nearctic), Holbrook et al. (2000, Variipennis complex of C. subg. Monoculicoides, Nearctic), Jamnback (1965, New York, USA), Jones and Wirth (1978, Stonei group, Nearctic), Macfie (1948, Chiapas, Mexico), Root and Hoffman (1937, North America), Wirth (1952, California, USA), Wirth et al. (1985, Nearctic), Wirth and Blanton (1967, Guttipennis group, Nearctic; New World; 1969, Pulicaris group, Nearctic; 1974, Caribbean), Wirth and Hubert (1962, Piliferus group, New World), Wirth and Rowley (1971, Palmerae group, New World)
Neotropical and Panamanian	Aitken et al. (1975, Trinidad and Tobago), Brickle and Hagan (1999, Belize), Felippe-Bauer et al. (2003, Paraensis group, Amazonian region; 2013, C. subg. Mataemyia, Neotropical), Matta (1967, El Salvador and Honduras), Rodriguez and Wirth (1986, Columbia), Santarém et al. (2014, Reticulatus group, Neotropical), Spinelli et al. (1993, Guttatus group of C. subg. Hoffmania, Neotropical; 2005, Argentina), Spinelli and Martinez (1991, Uruguay), Williams (1956, Bermuda), Wirth and Blanton (1959, Panama; 1968, Hylas group; 1974, Caribbean), Wirth et al. (1988, Neotropical)
Oriental and Sino-Japanese	Arnaud (1956, Japan and Korea), Bellis (2014, Indian C. subg. Avaritia), Delfinado (1961, Philippines), Howarth (1985, Lao PDR adults and pupae), Hubert and Wirth (1961, Okinawa, Japan), Kitaoka (1977, Nansei Islands, Japan; 1985a,b, Japan), Lien et al. (1997, 1998, Taiwan), Sen and Das Gupta (1959, India), Takahashi (1941, 1958, Japan), Tokunaga (1940, Japan, China, Micronesia, Mongolia; 1962b, Ryukyu Islands, Japan), Wada (1986, Claggi group, Japan; 1990, Verbosus group, Japan; 1999 Japan), Wirth and Hubert (1959, C. subg. Trithecoides, Oriental and Afrotropical; 1961, Taiwan; 1989, Southeast Asia), Yu et al. (2005, China)
Palaearctic and Saharo-Arabian	Boorman (1989, Arabian Peninsula), Boorman and van Harten (2003, Yeman), Campbell and Pelham-Clinton (1960, United Kingdom), Delécolle (1985, Northeastern France), Dzhafarov (1964, Transcaucasus), Edwards et al. (1926, 1939, United Kingdom), Glukhova (2005, Russia and adjacents lands), Glukhova and Braverman (1999, Langeroni group), Glukhova and Leningrad (1989, USSR), Goffredo and Meiswinkel (2004, Italy), González de Heredia and Lafuente (2011, Spain), Gutsevich (1966, Central Asia), Kettle and Lawson (1952, United Kingdon pupae), Kremer (1965, France), Mathieu et al. (2012, Western Palaearctic), Rawlings (1996, Iberian Peninsula, Europe), Shahin (1977, Southwestern Asia)