Table 2. Study Characteristics and Measurements.
The p value in the table refers to all three groups being compared with each other. Pairwise comparisons are shown by the superscripts, and are explained in the footnote below.
| Characteristic | Non-Diabetic Controls (n=8) Group 1 |
Participants with Diabetes (n=11) Group 2 |
Participants with Diabetes and CVD (n=15) Group 3 |
p (for comparison) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic profile | ||||
| Sex | 3 males, 5 females | 4 males, 7 females | 8 males, 7 females* | 0.03 |
| Race | 6 Caucasians, 2 Hispanics | 8 Caucasians, 2 Hispanics, 1 Asian | 10 Caucasians, 5 Hispanics | 0.24 |
| Age (years) | 48±13 | 56 ± 13 | 53 ± 12 | 0.38 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25±3 | 34 ± 6 | 39 ± 12* | 0.005 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 110±14 | 123 ± 12 | 132 ± 13* | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 76±8 | 77 ± 7 | 79 ± 11 | 0.71 |
| Medications (# of participants) | ||||
| Statins | 0 | 0# | 7* | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0.1 |
| Insulin | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0.2 |
| Aspirin | 0 | 1 | 7* | 0.001* |
| Beta blockers | 0 | 2 | 6* | 0.002* |
| ACE inhibitors or ARBs | 0 | 4 | 7* | 0.003* |
| Biochemical profile | ||||
| Fasting Glucose (mg/dL) | 95± 12 | 142 ± 57# | 202± 88* | <0.001 |
| OGTT (mg/dl) $ | Fasting=93± 10 2 hour post=135 ± 31 |
|||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.1±0.27 | 7.6 ± 2.9# | 8.4 ± 2.9* | 0.009 |
| Fasting Insulin (IU) | 7 ± 3 | 12 ± 7 | 16 ± 13* | 0.04* |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 70 ± 14 | 53 ± 16#^ | 39 ± 8 * | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 117±31 | 125 ± 21 | 111 ± 43 | 0.67 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 116±87 | 146 ± 64 | 212 ± 138 | 0.11 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 4 ± 4 | 7 ± 5 | 13 ± 12 | 0.23 |
| HDL Apolipoprotein A-I (mg/dL) | 127.5±25 | 90 ± 40 | 84 ± 39* | 0.029* |
| M148 oxidation relative ratio $$ | 0.087±0.02 | 0.127 ± 0.037# | 0.236 ± 0.084* | <0.001 |
The results were not corrected for possible ex vivo oxidation of methionine
Values are means ± SD
ANOVA Group comparisons were followed by Tukey group-wise comparisons when the p for the three-comparison was <0.05:
, p<0.05 Type diabetics with CVD vs. non-diabetics;
, p<0.05 Type 2 diabetics without CVD vs. non-diabetics.
, p<0.05 Type diabetics with CVD vs. Type 2 diabetics without CVD
OGTTs were only performed in non-diabetic subjects
The results were not corrected for possible ex vivo oxidation of methionine
M148 oxidation and HDL Apo A-I were the primary endpoint and the statistical significance was assessed at the 0.05 level. For the other measures, a p value of 0.005 or less was considered significant to adjust for multiple comparisons.
ACE: Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
ARB: Angiotensin Receptor Blocker