Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Apnea-Hypopnea Index.
| Apnea-Hypopnea Index
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | <5 | ≥5 to <15 | ≥15 | p-value |
| mean ±SD or n (%) | n = 71 | n = 125 | n = 106 | |
| Age | 82.3 ±3.3 | 82.1 ±3.1 | 82.6 ±3.1 | 0.464 |
| Non-white | 7 (9.9) | 14 (11.2) | 9 (8.5) | 0.790 |
| Education > high school | 16 (22.5) | 44 (35.2) | 31 (29.3) | 0.173 |
| BMI ≥30 (kg/m2) | 15 (21.1) | 45 (36.0) | 38 (35.9) | 0.066 |
| Current smoker | 5 (7.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol (# drinks/week) | 0.9 ±2.7 | 0.9 ±2.9 | 0.7 ±2.1 | 0.618 |
| Caffeine intake (g/day) | 0.2 ±0.2 | 0.2 ±0.1 | 0.1 ±0.1 | 0.673 |
| Walks for exercise | 24 (34.3) | 44 (35.2) | 37 (34.9) | 0.992 |
| MMSE score (0–30) | 28.6 ±1.5 | 28.4 ±1.4 | 28.6 ±1.3 | 0.407 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (0–15) | 2.1 ±2.4 | 2.0 ±2.3 | 2.0 ±2.4 | 0.877 |
| Goldberg Anxiety Scale (0–9) | 1.5 ±2.4 | 1.5 ±2.4 | 1.3 ±2.2 | 0.786 |
| Antidepressant use | 8 (11.3) | 8 (6.4) | 9 (8.5) | 0.491 |
| Benzodiazepine use | 7 (9.9) | 7 (5.6) | 9 (8.5) | 0.510 |
| Non-benzodiazepine sleep aid | 1 (1.4) | 4 (3.2) | 2 (1.9) | 0.794 |
| Diabetes | 3 (4.2) | 16 (12.8) | 17 (16.0) | 0.055 |
| Hypertension | 38 (53.5) | 81 (64.8) | 70 (66.0) | 0.193 |
| Coronary artery disease | 19 (26.8) | 30 (24.0) | 16 (15.1) | 0.122 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2 (2.8) | 9 (7.2) | 10 (9.4) | 0.228 |
| Stroke | 11 (15.5) | 16 (12.8) | 11 (10.4) | 0.600 |
| COPD | 15 (21.1) | 16 (12.8) | 8 (7.6) | 0.031 |
| Osteoarthritis | 30 (42.3) | 43 (34.4) | 47 (44.3) | 0.271 |
Note: N = 302 for all except for walking and Geriatric Depression Scale (n = 301 for both) and MMSE (n = 291). p-values are from Kruskal-Wallis tests (with rank ties) for continuous variables and from χ2 or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.