Table 4.
Lagged education and interactions with public health interventions, 1960-80
| Dependent Variable | InIMR | lnU5MR |
|---|---|---|
|
Cohort Life Table |
||
|
Panel A
| ||
| Change in primary education enrolment 1950-1960 | 1.493*** (0.299) | 1.730*** (0.319) |
| Change in secondary and higher education enrolment 1950-1960 | −11.723*** (3.799) | −11.897*** (3.663) |
|
Panel B | ||
| Primary education enrolment (% of children age 6-11) | −1.343*** (0.256) | −1.464*** (0.251) |
| Secondary and higher education enrolment (% of children age 12-18 and 18-21) | −0.008 (0.754) | 0.107 (0.686) |
| Hospital beds per 10,000 persons | 0.031*** (0.006) | 0.027*** (0.007) |
| Doctors per 10,000 persons | 0.041*** (0.012) | 0.039*** (0.013) |
|
Panel C | ||
| Public health campaigns (principal component indices) | ||
| Sanitary campaigns | −0.16 (0.103) | −0.174 (0.108) |
| Vaccinations | 0.155 (0.111) | 0.163 (0.114) |
| Reproductive health | 0.071 (0.089) | 0.06 (0.085) |
| Mosquito vector controls | −0.042 (0.060) | −0.026 (0.056) |
| Other infectious disease controls | −0.158** (0.072) | −0.203** (0.072) |
| Campaign against malnutrition | −4.432*** (1.377) | −3.815** (1.348) |
| Interactions between 1950s increases in educational enrolment and 1960-80 public health campaigns | ||
| Primary education and sanitary campaigns | 0.021 (0.121) | 0.036 (0.123) |
| Primary education and vaccinations | −0.205 (0.207) | −0.278 (0.194) |
| Primary education and reproductive health | 0.295** (0.134) | 0.365** (0.142) |
| Primary education and mosquito vector control | 0.286 (0.225) | 0.247 (0.183) |
| Primary education and other infectious disease control | 0.387*** (0.125) | 0.400*** (0.120) |
| Primary education and campaigns against malnutrition | −0.801 (0.644) | −1.087* (0.615) |
| Secondary education and sanitary campaigns | 1.846 (1.481) | 1.938 (1.542) |
| Secondary education and vaccinations | −1.166 (1.263) | −1.045 (1.302) |
| Secondary education and reproductive health | −2.609* (1.390) | −2.653* (1.346) |
| Secondary education and mosquito vector control | −0.486 (0.999) | −0.37 (0.994) |
| Secondary education and other infectious disease control | 1.627 (0.989) | 2.104** (0.993) |
| Secondary education and campaigns against malnutrition | 72.366*** (23.286) | 63.201** (22.489) |
| Province effects | no | no |
| Year effects | yes | yes |
| Province-year control variables | yes | yes |
| N | 255 | 255 |
| R-squared | 0.835 | 0.870 |
Provinces used in analysis include: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang. Province-level controls include population, birth rate, per cent of population over 60, per cent of population under 5, per cent of population male, per cent of population in agriculture, per capita agricultural production, per capita grain and fruit production, gdp, per capita investment, per capita local revenue, and retail price index. Estimates for fixed effects and control variables available upon request. Standard errors reported in parentheses.
p<0.1
p<0.05
p<0.01