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Three transducers (PERK, IRE1 and ATF6) of ER stress are depicted. JNK and P38 are phosphorylated mainly through the IRE1-TRAF2-ASK1-MKK4/7 pathway and the pathway of ERK1/2 remains challenging. MAP can be intensified because of the elevated Ca 2+ concentration in mitochondria, over-expression of Bcl-2 and activated caspase-12, which are induced by ER stress.
