Table 3.
Association between body mass index or other factors, and back pain among adults aged 50 years or over estimated by multivariable logistic regression
| COURAGE survey | SAGE survey | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Reference | Finland | Poland | Spain | China | Ghana | India | Mexico | Russia | S. Africa | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5-24.9 | 25.0-29.9 | 1.19 | 1.40* | 1.23 | 0.96 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 1.54 | 1.51* | 1.08 |
| (0.85-1.67) | (1.07-1.83) | (0.95-1.59) | (0.85-1.08) | (0.72-1.13) | (0.76-1.34) | (0.86-2.75) | (1.05-2.16) | (0.81-1.44) | |||
| 30.0-34.9 | 1.39 | 1.47* | 1.13 | 1.08 | 1.23 | 0.96 | 1.41 | 2.76*** | 1.51* | ||
| (0.93-2.06) | (1.10-1.96) | (0.85-1.51) | (0.87-1.34) | (0.92-1.64) | (0.61-1.51) | (0.71-2.78) | (1.83-4.17) | (1.04-2.20) | |||
| ≥35.0 | 3.33*** | 2.03*** | 1.56* | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.21 | 1.17 | 2.20* | 1.48* | ||
| (2.09-5.30) | (1.34-3.09) | (1.03-2.35) | (0.65-1.55) | (0.59-1.36) | (0.56-2.62) | (0.54-2.57) | (1.15-4.21) | (1.02-2.16) | |||
| Age (years) | 50-59 | 60-69 | 0.97 | 1.40** | 1.15 | 1.17** | 1.14 | 1.20 | 1.21 | 1.81** | 1.35* |
| (0.69-1.36) | (1.10-1.78) | (0.88-1.51) | (1.05-1.31) | (0.95-1.36) | (0.95-1.52) | (0.73-2.00) | (1.23-2.67) | (1.04-1.75) | |||
| 70-79 | 1.24 | 1.66** | 1.13 | 1.06 | 1.29* | 1.41* | 1.25 | 3.11*** | 1.57* | ||
| (0.79-1.94) | (1.14-2.40) | (0.87-1.46) | (0.92-1.22) | (1.01-1.66) | (1.01-1.96) | (0.74-2.11) | (1.99-4.86) | (1.10-2.24) | |||
| ≥80 | 1.16 | 1.75** | 1.18 | 0.95 | 1.05 | 1.43 | 1.30 | 3.53*** | 1.56 | ||
| (0.68-2.00) | (1.20-2.55) | (0.81-1.70) | (0.67-1.34) | (0.75-1.47) | (0.91-2.25) | (0.62-2.74) | (1.88-6.64) | (0.89-2.74) | |||
| Sex | Male | Female | 1.53** | 1.45** | 2.54*** | 1.84*** | 1.32** | 2.00*** | 2.80*** | 1.40 | 1.37* |
| (1.17-1.99) | (1.14-1.84) | (2.05-3.15) | (1.58-2.15) | (1.10-1.59) | (1.56-2.58) | (1.59-4.91) | (0.93-2.10) | (1.02-1.86) | |||
| Education | ≥Tertiary | Secondary | 1.03 | 1.35 | 0.98 | 1.40 | 0.97 | 1.29 | 1.67 | 1.47* | 1.52 |
| (0.78-1.34) | (0.98-1.85) | (0.68-1.40) | (0.96-2.04) | (0.58-1.63) | (0.80-2.08) | (0.59-4.71) | (1.04-2.08) | (0.79-2.90) | |||
| ≤Primary | 0.96 | 1.50* | 1.32 | 1.72* | 1.09 | 1.79* | 1.31 | 1.67 | 2.01* | ||
| (0.66-1.38) | (1.02-2.20) | (0.89-1.98) | (1.10-2.68) | (0.66-1.82) | (1.14-2.83) | (0.51-3.34) | (0.97-2.85) | (1.04-3.90) | |||
| Wealth | Middle | Poorest | 0.75 | 1.06 | 0.83 | 1.23 | 0.55*** | 1.01 | 2.26* | 0.83 | 0.97 |
| (0.49-1.14) | (0.76-1.49) | (0.61-1.12) | (0.97-1.57) | (0.41-0.74) | (0.70-1.47) | (1.17-4.35) | (0.52-1.33) | (0.66-1.42) | |||
| Poorer | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.92 | 1.07 | 0.71* | 0.79 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 1.20 | ||
| (0.66-1.44) | (0.76-1.62) | (0.72-1.18) | (0.86-1.33) | (0.54-0.94) | (0.55-1.13) | (0.30-1.13) | (0.42-1.48) | (0.78-1.85) | |||
| Richer | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.88 | 0.76* | 0.76* | 1.18 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.93 | ||
| (0.54-1.15) | (0.52-1.03) | (0.61-1.26) | (0.58-1.00) | (0.58-0.99) | (0.80-1.76) | (0.49-1.75) | (0.43-1.56) | (0.64-1.37) | |||
| Richest | 0.65 | 0.85 | 0.77 | 0.68** | 0.64*** | 0.74 | 1.73 | 1.01 | 1.03 | ||
| (0.40-1.05) | (0.60-1.22) | (0.57-1.04) | (0.52-0.89) | (0.50-0.83) | (0.53-1.03) | (0.82-3.68) | (0.58-1.75) | (0.64-1.66) | |||
| Depression | No | Yes | 2.51* | 5.23*** | 2.51*** | 3.08*** | 6.74*** | 2.40*** | 2.09* | 7.66*** | 3.89*** |
| (1.26-5.02) | (3.05-8.98) | (1.75-3.58) | (2.07-4.57) | (4.33-10.47) | (1.82-3.16) | (1.07-4.10) | (2.47-23.73) | (1.84-8.22) | |||
| Physical activity | High | Moderate | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 0.99 | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 1.69* |
| (0.61-1.07) | (0.72-1.28) | (0.67-1.07) | (0.85-1.16) | (0.57-1.06) | (0.64-1.00) | (0.50-1.64) | (0.72-1.55) | (1.10-2.61) | |||
| Low | 1.21 | 0.82 | 1.33* | 0.89 | 0.83 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 1.33 | ||
| (0.86-1.69) | (0.62-1.09) | (1.02-1.73) | (0.73-1.09) | (0.64-1.07) | (0.79-1.39) | (0.44-1.25) | (0.48-1.07) | (0.94-1.88) | |||
| Smoking status | Never | Smoker | 1.46 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 1.28** | 0.94 | 1.18 | 1.93 | 1.30 | 1.14 |
| (0.97-2.21) | (0.83-1.50) | (0.86-1.43) | (1.08-1.52) | (0.70-1.27) | (0.93-1.50) | (0.98-3.82) | (0.73-2.33) | (0.80-1.64) | |||
| Quit | 1.34* | 1.30 | 1.19 | 1.32* | 1.25 | 1.33 | 1.58 | 1.79 | 0.84 | ||
| (1.01-1.77) | (0.98-1.72) | (0.85-1.65) | (1.02-1.71) | (0.95-1.64) | (0.76-2.35) | (0.82-3.05) | (0.95-3.36) | (0.52-1.34) | |||
| Alcohol | Never | Non-heavy | 0.76 | 1.16 | 1.05 | 1.21* | 0.90 | 1.25 | 1.39 | 1.85** | 1.17 |
| consumption | (0.47-1.22) | (0.86-1.57) | (0.74-1.47) | (1.00-1.45) | (0.75-1.09) | (0.92-1.69) | (0.81-2.39) | (1.23-2.77) | (0.85-1.62) | ||
| Heavy | 0.85 | 1.90* | 0.99 | 1.10 | 0.58 | 0.85 | 1.38 | 3.08** | 1.69 | ||
| (0.46-1.58) | (1.09-3.30) | (0.40-2.47) | (0.83-1.45) | (0.32-1.03) | (0.24-3.04) | (0.40-4.80) | (1.45-6.56) | (0.90-3.17) | |||
Abbreviations: COURAGE Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe, SAGE WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health, S. Africa South Africa, BMI Body Mass Index.
Data are adjusted OR (95% confidence intervals). Models are adjusted for all covariates in the table.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.