Table 1.
Means and standard deviations for the neuropsychological, mood and aerobic fitness assessment data in higher and lower fit participants.
| Younger | Older | Younger | Older | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Total | Age | Higher fit | Lower fit | Fitness | Higher fit | Lower fit | Fitness | |
| ES (d) | ES (d) | ES (d) | |||||||
| Age | 24.6 ± 3.6 | 62.9 ± 5.4 | – | 24.5 ± 3.1 | 23.5 ± 5.3 | – | 63.0 ± 3.1 | 60.8 ± 5.6 | – |
| Education (years) | 17.09 ± 1.9 | 15.7 ± 3.7 | – | 17.69 ± 1.7 | 15.5 ± 1.38 | – | 15.69 ± 3.1 | 15.5 ± 5.1 | – |
| BDI/GDS (/30) | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 3.5 ± 4.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 ± 2.8 | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 3.9 ± 4.8 | 0.6 |
| MMSE (/30) | – | 28.67 ± 1.0 | – | – | – | – | 28.17 ± 1.0 | 28.77 ± 1.2 | 0.5 |
| SHORT TERM AND WORKING MEMORY | |||||||||
| Forward span | 9.9 ± 2.5 | 10.0 ± 2.5 | 0.0 | 10.2 ± 2.9 | 9.17 ± 1.2 | 0.5 | 10.3 ± 2.4 | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 0.8 |
| Backward span | 6.9 ± 2.6 | 6.9 ± 2.1 | 0.0 | 7.3 ± 2.4 | 6.0 ± 2.9 | 0.5 | 7.1 ± 2.2 | 5.8 ± 1.2 | 0.7 |
| ATTENTION AND PROCESSING SPEED | |||||||||
| Similarities | 26.6 ± 4.8 | 23.9 ± 4.0# | 0.6 | 26.9 ± 5.1 | 25.8 ± 4.5 | 0.2 | 24.5 ± 3.8 | 21.1 ± 4.5 | 0.8 |
| Substitution | 90.5 ± 12.1 | 69.7 ± 11.6# | 1.7 | 83.8 ± 12.4 | 93.1 ± 9.9 | 0.8 | 69.2 ± 12.2 | 72 ± 8.4 | 0.2 |
| PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES AND PROCESSING SPEED | |||||||||
| Trail A (s) | 25.9 ± 8.8 | 35.0 ± 10.5# | 0.9 | 25.5 ± 8.8 | 27.1 ± 9.7 | 0.2 | 35.3 ± 11.2 | 33.6 ± 6.0 | 0.2 |
| Stroop—reading (s) | 19.6 ± 2.7 | 20.2 ± 3.8 | 0.2 | 19.5 ± 2.6 | 19.7 ± 3.3 | 0.1 | 19.8 ± 4.0 | 22.6 ± 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Stroop—color naming (s) | 26.2 ± 4.5 | 29.2 ± 5.5 | 0.6 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 27.7 ± 6.1 | 0.4 | 28.2 ± 5.3 | 34.0 ± 4.0 | 1.2 |
| COGNITIVE INHIBITION AND FLEXIBILITY | |||||||||
| Trail B (s) | 53.8 ± 17.8 | 77.2 ± 21.3# | 1.2 | 51.9 ± 15.0 | 58.8 ± 24.8 | 0.3 | 75.6 ± 19.7 | 85.2 ± 28.7 | 0.4 |
| Stroop—inhibition (s) | 43.5 ± 9.2 | 56.1 ± 13.4# | 1.1 | 41.9 ± 7.0 | 47.6 ± 13.5 | 0.5 | 54.4 ± 12.4 | 64.5 ± 16.0 | 0.7 |
| Stroop—switching (s) | 50.9 ± 13.6 | 56.5 ± 15.0 | 0.4 | 49.5 ± 15.1 | 54.7 ± 8.1 | 0.4 | 54.8 ± 15.1 | 64.4 ± 11.0 | 0.7 |
| AEROBIC FITNESS | |||||||||
| MAQ | 4.9 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 2.9 | 0.3 | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 4.2 ± 2.5 | 0.6 | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 4.2 ± 3.4 | 0.1 |
| O2max(ml.min−1.kg−1) | 43.8 ± 8.0 | 28.7 ± 7.3# | 1.9 | 46.6 ± 7.0 | 36.4 ± 5.3* | 1.6 | 30.1 ± 1.5 | 21.4 ± 7.1* | 1.7 |
Results are presented mean ± SD.
#
Different from younger p < 0.05.
*
Different from high fit p < 0.05; ES (d), Cohen's d (Effect Size); MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MAQ, Modifiable Activity Questionnaire; O2max, Maximal Oxygen Uptake.