Table 2.
Association between demographic, clinical variables, depression, and mortality in bladder cancer patients in univariate Cox regression models
| Alive N (%) |
Dead N (%) |
Univariate HR (95% CI) |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 64.4(11.0) | 67.4(10.6) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.003 |
| Smoking Pack Years | 38.4(27.3) | 43.0(32.4) | 1.01(0.998–1.02) | 0.129 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 275(79.71) | 70(20.29) | 1(reference) | |
| Female | 78(81.25) | 18(18.75) | 1.06(0.63–1.78) | 0.825 |
| Smoking status | 0.275* | |||
| Never | 110(82.09) | 24(17.91) | 1(reference) | |
| Former | 158(82.29) | 34(17.71) | 0.92(0.55–1.56) | 0.761 |
| Current | 85(73.91) | 30(26.09) | 1.38(0.80–2.37) | 0.248 |
| CES-D | ||||
| <16 | 280(84.08) | 53(15.92) | 1(reference) | |
| ≥16 | 63(67.74) | 30(32.26) | 1.90(1.21–2.98) | 0.005 |
| Continuous, mean (SD) | 9.05(8.30) | 13.18(9.54) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 0.001 |
| Lifetime MDD | ||||
| Negative | 79 (84.95) | 14 (15.05) | 1.0 (reference) | |
| Positive | 273 (78.89) | 73 (21.10) | 1.59 (0.90–2.82) | 0.112 |
| Stage | <0.0001* | |||
| 0a and 0is | 115(94.26) | 7(5.74) | 1(reference) | |
| I | 96(88.89) | 12(11.11) | 2.05(0.81–5.22) | 0.131 |
| II | 95(75.40) | 31(24.60) | 7.27(3.15–16.77) | <0.0001 |
| III | 19(59.38) | 13(40.63) | 10.42(4.11–26.43) | <0.0001 |
| IV | 18(46.15) | 21(53.85) | 18.44(7.73–44.01) | <0.0001 |
| Grade | ||||
| 1 and 2 | 84(92.31) | 7(7.69) | 1(reference) | |
| 3 | 256(77.81) | 73(22.19) | 3.52(1.62–7.67) | 0.002 |
| Treatment (for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer) | 0.484* | |||
| TUR only | 55(85.94) | 9(14.06) | 1(reference) | |
| Induction BCG | 59(89.39) | 7(10.61) | 0.81(0.29–2.24) | 0.679 |
| Maintenance BCG | 58(96.67) | 2(3.33) | 0.35(0.07–1.67) | 0.189 |
| Other treatment | 42(95.45) | 2(4.55) | 0.50(0.11–2.36) | 0.381 |
| Treatment (for muscle-invasive bladder cancer) | 0.0035* | |||
| Cystectomy | 34(70.83) | 14(29.17) | 1(reference) | |
| Cystectomy and chemotherapy | 48(73.85) | 17(26.15) | 1.07(0.53–2.18) | 0.85 |
| Chemotherapy | 12(48.00) | 13(52.00) | 3.89(1.81–8.38) | 0.001 |
| TUR only | 8(61.54) | 5(38.46) | 3.35(1.20–9.35) | 0.021 |
| Other | 34(66.67) | 17(33.33) | 1.52(0.75–3.10) | 0.244 |
Note: SD=Standard deviation; HR=Hazard Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; MDD=Major Depressive Disorder; CES-D= Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
*
Likelihood ratio p-value comparing the model with the variable and the model without the variable