Table 3.

Association between depression and mortality in bladder cancer patients in multivariate Cox regression analyses

	Alive, N(%)	Dead, N(%)	HR (95% CI)*	P-value
CES-D
<16	280(84.08)	53(15.92)	1(reference)
≥ 16	63(67.74)	30(32.26)	1.83(1.08–3.08)	0.024
Continuous, mean (SD)			1.03(1.01–1.06)	0.013
Lifetime MDD
Negative	79(84.95)	14(15.05)	1(reference)
Positive	273(78.90)	73(21.10)	1.67(0.87–3.22)	0.124
Lifetime MDD and CES-D
CES-D <16, MDD negative	51(94.44)	3(5.56)	1(reference)
CES-D <16, MDD positive	228(82.01)	50(17.99)	2.36(0.71–7.81)	0.160
CES-D ≥ 16, MDD negative	26(70.27)	11(29.73)	2.61(0.64–10.61)	0.179
CES-D ≥16, MDD positive	37(66.07)	19(33.93)	4.88(1.40–16.99)	0.013

^*Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, smoking status, grade, treatments by stage

Note: HR=Hazard Ratio; CI=Confidence Interval; MDD=Major Depression Disorder; CES-D= Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.