Table 2.
Matched Comparisons of Paired Groupsa
| Characteristic | Current vs Never Smokers
|
Current vs Former Smokers
|
Former vs Never Smokers
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current (n = 678) | Never (n = 678) | Current (n = 665) | Former (n = 665) | Former (n = 945) | Never (n = 945) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 46.3 (17.0) | 44.8 (19.6) | 46.8 (16.8) | 55.2 (17.6) | 61.4 (18.2) | 61.2 (19.1) |
|
| ||||||
| Female sex, % | 50.4 | 52.7 | 50.2 | 51.1 | 47.6 | 46.6 |
|
| ||||||
| Marital status, % | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Married/life partner | 39.7 | 39.5 | 40.5 | 61.1 | 66.9 | 66.2 |
|
| ||||||
| Divorced/separated | 19.8 | 16.5 | 20.3 | 14.3 | 10.9 | 10.1 |
|
| ||||||
| Single | 35.5 | 39.4 | 34.1 | 15.8 | 11.5 | 13.1 |
|
| ||||||
| Other | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 10.6 |
|
| ||||||
| Payer type, % | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Private | 44.4 | 49.4 | 45.3 | 49.0 | 38.7 | 39.5 |
|
| ||||||
| Government | 51.9 | 47.8 | 52.2 | 50.4 | 60.8 | 60.3 |
|
| ||||||
| No insurance | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
|
| ||||||
| APR DRG severity, % | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| 1 | 39.4 | 39.4 | 39.1 | 38.8 | 37.8 | 38.2 |
|
| ||||||
| 2 | 38.6 | 38.5 | 38.9 | 39.7 | 37.7 | 37.8 |
|
| ||||||
| 3 | 15.9 | 15.0 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 18.8 | 17.7 |
|
| ||||||
| 4 | 6.0 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 5.7 | 3.4 |
|
| ||||||
| CCS category, % | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Operations | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Nervous system | 6.5 | 7.8 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 6.5 |
|
| ||||||
| Endocrine system | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
|
| ||||||
| Eye | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
|
| ||||||
| Ear | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.0 |
|
| ||||||
| Nose, mouth, and pharynx | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
|
| ||||||
| Respiratory system | 3.4 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.3 |
|
| ||||||
| Cardiovascular system | 20.3 | 19.0 | 20.9 | 25.9 | 25.1 | 24.9 |
|
| ||||||
| Hemic and lymphatic system | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
|
| ||||||
| Digestive system | 14.9 | 17.3 | 14.6 | 5.1 | 13.2 | 12.2 |
|
| ||||||
| Urinary system | 2.4 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
|
| ||||||
| Urinary system | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.9 |
|
| ||||||
| Female genital organs | 5.5 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 3.4 |
|
| ||||||
| Obstetrical procedures | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 13.8 | 9.7 | 9.5 |
|
| ||||||
| Musculoskeletal system | 18.9 | 16.5 | 18.6 | 19.7 | 21.1 | 21.6 |
|
| ||||||
| Integumentary system | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
|
| ||||||
| Miscellaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures | 8.8 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 7.3 |
|
| ||||||
| Discharge location, % | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Home | 88.5 | 89.7 | 88.4 | 87.2 | 83.4 | 81.2 |
|
| ||||||
| Home with home health services | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.8 |
|
| ||||||
| Skilled nursing facility | 5.5 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 7.8 | 11.6 | 13.4 |
|
| ||||||
| Other | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
|
| ||||||
| Admission through ED, % | 43.5 | 40.2 | 42.7 | 34.6 | 33.1 | 31.9 |
|
| ||||||
| Baseline costs, mean (SD), $ | 6758 (12 633) | 7617 (17 948) | 6759 (12 603) | 7370 (13 616) | 7911 (13 521) | 6725 (11 746) |
|
| ||||||
| ED during follow-up, % | 43.7 | 35.5 | 43.3 | 36.5 | 39.4 | 38.9 |
|
| ||||||
| ED visits during follow-up, mean (SD) | 1.3 (2.7) | 0.7 (1.3) | 1.3 (2.7) | 0.9 (2.5) | 0.9 (2.2) | 0.7 (1.2) |
|
| ||||||
| Any hospitalization during follow-up, % | 30.7 | 26.4 | 31.1 | 28.3 | 30.7 | 27.4 |
|
| ||||||
| No. of hospital stays during follow-up, mean (SD) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.4 (0.9) | 0.6 (1.2) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.5 (1.0) |
|
| ||||||
| Length of hospitalization during follow-up, mean (SD), d | 3.3 (9.8) | 2.7 (7.4) | 3.9 (12.2) | 3.4 (10.1) | 3.8 (11.2) | 2.8 (7.9) |
|
| ||||||
| Mortality rate during follow-up, % | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.5 |
Abbreviations: APR DRG, All-Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Groups; CCS, Clinical Classification Software; ED, emergency department.
a
Boldface values represent significant differences (P < .05).