TABLE 1.

Bivariate Associations of Eating Behaviors, Mental Health, and Food Group Intake with Obesity in Congregate Meal Participants

		BMI Class I Obesity		WC Class I Obesity
		< 30kg/m2 n = 52	≥ 30kg/m2 n = 61	Low risk n = 68	High risk n = 45
	n	%	%	%	%
Age (years)
< 70	37	30	70‖	49	51‡
≥ 70	76	54	46	66	34
Gender
Male	29	45	55	38	62‖
Female	84	46	54	68	32
Race/ethnicity
White	62	47	53	60	40
Black	51	45	55	61	39
Education
< 8 years	19	74	26‖	74	26
≥ 8 years	94	40	60	57	43
Cognitive restraint
< 14 (median split)	51	63	30¶	56	29‖
≥ 14 (median split)	62	37	70	44	71
Uncontrolled eating
< 16 (median split)	53	58	38§	56	33§
≥ 16 (median split)	60	42	62	44	67
Emotional eating
< 6 (median split)	48	60	28¶	49	33
≥ 6 (median split)	65	40	72	51	67
Depression
No symptoms (0)	91	83	79	81	80
Mild to extreme (1 to 5)	22	17	21	19	20
Anxiety
No symptoms (0)	89	87	72‡	88	64‖
Mild to extreme (1 to 5)	24	13	28	12	36
Stress
No symptoms (0)	106	94	93	96	91
Mild to extreme (1 to 5)	7	6	7	4	9
Sweets
< 2 times/day	84	75	74	86	62§
≥ 2 times/day	29	25	26	18	38
Salty snacks
< 1 times/day	72	65	62	68	58
≥ 1 times/day	41	35	38	32	42
Fruit
< 3 servings/day	77	69	67	62	78‡
≥ 3 servings /day	36	31	33	38	22
Vegetables
< 4 servings /day	82	81	66‡	74	71
≥ 4 servings /day	31	19	34	26	29
Whole grains
< 2 times/day	65	56	57	57	58
≥ 2 times /day	48	44	43	43	42
Milk
< 2 times /day	73	63	56	65	64
≥ 2 times /day	40	37	44	35	36
Food insecurity
Secure (0 to 1)	81	73	70	75	67
Insecure (2 to 6)	32	27	30	25	33
Moderate physical activity
< 5 days/week	68	50	69§	57	64
≥ 5 days/week	45	50	31	43	36
Physical function
Poor to moderate (0–9)	67	62	57	57	62
Good (10–12)	46	38	43	43	38
Self-reported health
Poor to fair (0–1)	41	29	43	29	47‡
Good to excellent (2–5)	72	71	57	71	53
Diabetes
No	69	71	52§	72	44‖
Yes	44	29	48	28	56
Heart disease
No	81	77	67	76	64
Yes	32	23	33	24	36
High blood pressure
No	29	35	18§	28	22
Yes	84	65	82	72	78
Arthritis
No	42	42	33	40	33
Yes	71	58	67	60	67

For demographic variables (age, gender, sex, education) the rows within an obesity category add up to 100; for all other variables the columns within a variable add up to 100.

Health conditions: diabetes; heart disease; high blood pressure; and arthritis were self-reported.

Significance level:

^‡trend at p ≤ 0.10;

^§significant at p ≤ 0.05;

^‖significant at p ≤ 0.01;

^¶significant at p ≤ 0.001.