Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristics | Overall Cohort (N = 3045) | Lost-to-follow-up (n = 534) |
|---|---|---|
| n(%)/mean(±SD) | n(%)/mean(±SD) | |
| Child | ||
| Gender | ||
| female | 1455(47.8) | 239(44.8) |
| male | 1590(52.2) | 295(55.2) |
| Age at enrollment (months) | 6.2(±3.1) | 6.3(±3.2) |
| Feeding modality at ≤ 6 months of age | ||
| exclusive breast feeding | 432(43.3%) | 69(43.3%) |
| mixed breast feeding | 533(53.4%) | 73(49.2%) |
| non-breast fed | 33(3.3%) | 6(4.1%) |
| Weight-for-age z-scores | ||
| > -2 | 2325(78.4%) | 456(94.0%) |
| ≤ -2 | 484(16.3%) | 32(6.0%) |
| Sleeps | ||
| alone | 2227(88.1) | 345(89.4) |
| with ≥ 1 other child | 302(11.9) | 41(10.6) |
| Received first measles vaccination | ||
| no | 1570(51.6) | 396(74.2) |
| yes | 1475(48.4) | 138(25.8) |
| Maternal | ||
| Age | ||
| ≤ 15 years | 209(6.9) | 44(8.3) |
| > 15 years | 2833(93.1) | 489(91.7) |
| Highest education | ||
| primary or none | 2473(81.2) | 424(79.4) |
| Secondary or greater | 572(18.8) | 110(20.6) |
| Paternal | ||
| Highest education | ||
| none | 888(29.2) | 175(32.8) |
| primary or greater | 2156(70.8) | 358(67.2) |
| Current employment | ||
| no | 177(5.8) | 42(7.9) |
| Yes | 2868(94.2) | 492(92.1) |
| Impoverished householdsa | ||
| no | 364(20.6) | 16(25.4) |
| Yes | 1406(79.4) | 47(74.6) |
| Water and sanitation | ||
| Water source type | ||
| Piped | 1231(47.5) | 91(36.6) |
| open well | 742(38.6) | 79(31.7) |
| tube well | 618(23.9) | 79(31.7) |
| Drinking water treatment | ||
| None | 1974(72.7) | 184(71.0) |
| Chlorine | 305(11.2) | 32(12.4) |
| Boiling | 436(16.1) | 43(16.6) |
| Water source distance | ||
| piped to home | 691(27.1) | 29(22.1) |
| well in home | 1003(39.3) | 81(61.8) |
| well outside of home | 857(33.6) | 21(16.1) |
| Food storage | ||
| refrigerator | 264(10.7) | 12(5.2) |
| cold water | 579(23.4) | 67(29.0) |
| Nothing | 1627(65.9) | 152(65.8) |
| Toilet type | ||
| open toilet/ground | 2380(88.1) | 530(88.6) |
| toilet (septic/canalization) | 323(11.9) | 68(11.4) |
| Mother reports washing hands with soap prior to eating | ||
| No | 1136(51.6) | 100(42.2) |
| Yes | 1065(48.4) | 137(57.8) |
| Mother reports washing hands with soap post-toilet | ||
| No | 1289(61.2) | 136(60.2) |
| Yes | 817(38.8) | 90(39.8) |
| Number rooms in home | ||
| < 5 | 2654(89.9) | 423(91.6) |
| ≥ 5 | 299(10.1) | 39(8.4) |
a. Impoverished household defined as households that reported living on less than 1.25 US dollars per person per day.[21]