Table 2. Univariate analysis for risk of diarrheal illness.
| Factor | Events | Child-years | Incidence per child-year (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 6843 | 2000.0 | 3.16(2.85–3.50) | 1.00 | |
| Male | 8053 | 2200.0 | 3.38(3.23–3.55) | 1.07(1.01–1.14) | 0.034 |
| Age (months) | |||||
| < 6 | 563 | 224.8 | 2.35(2.15–2.57) | 1.00 | |
| > 6 to < 12 | 3913 | 992.6 | 3.89(3.73–4.06) | 1.65(1.51–1.81) | <0.001 |
| > 12 | 10420 | 3000.0 | 3.48(3.36–3.60) | 1.48(1.35–1.62) | <0.001 |
| Weight-for-age z-scores | |||||
| > -2 | 10753 | 3200.0 | 3.37(3.26–3.49) | 1.00 | |
| < -2 | 3861 | 959.1 | 3.98(3.69–4.30) | 1.19(1.10–1.29) | <0.001 |
| Sleeps | |||||
| Alone | 11027 | 3100.0 | 3.48(3.35–3.61) | 1.00 | |
| with >1 other child | 1684 | 424.1 | 3.97(3.60–4.38) | 1.14(1.03–1.27) | 0.014 |
| > 1 measles vaccination | |||||
| no | 7226 | 2000.0 | 3.49(3.34–3.65) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 7670 | 2200.0 | 3.53(3.38–3.69) | 1.01(0.95–1.08) | 0.76 |
| Maternal | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| <15 years | 1144 | 287.6 | 4.32(3.39–5.49) | 1.00 | |
| >15 years | 13743 | 3900.0 | 3.88(3.44–4.37) | 0.90(0.80–1.02) | 0.09 |
| Highest education | |||||
| primary or none | 12909 | 3400.0 | 3.74(3.61–3.87) | 1.00 | |
| post primary | 1987 | 782.0 | 2.51(2.33–2.71) | 0.67(0.62–0.73) | <0.001 |
| Paternal | |||||
| Employed | |||||
| no | 948 | 241.0 | 3.86(3.40–4.40) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 13948 | 4000.0 | 3.48(3.38–3.61) | 0.90(0.79–1.03) | 0.13 |
| Impoverished householdsa | |||||
| no | 1555 | 542.9 | 2.86(2.61–3.13) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 7870 | 2100.0 | 3.74(3.58–3.91) | 1.31(1.18–1.45) | <0.001 |
| Water and sanitation | |||||
| Type of water source | |||||
| Piped | 7334 | 1800.0 | 4.02(3.84–4.22) | 1.00 | |
| open well | 3461 | 1100.0 | 3.17(2.98–3.38) | 0.79(0.73–0.85) | <0.001 |
| tube well | 2955 | 899.0 | 3.27(3.06–3.51) | 0.81(0.75–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Drinking water treatment | |||||
| None | 10732 | 2900.0 | 3.69(3.55–3.83) | 1.00 | |
| Chlorine | 1286 | 442.6 | 2.91(2.63–3.22) | 0.79(0.71–0.88) | <0.001 |
| Boiling | 2264 | 642.5 | 3.51(3.24–3.81) | 0.95(0.87–1.04) | 0.27 |
| Distance to water source | |||||
| piped to home | 3804 | 1000.0 | 3.67(3.44–3.91) | 1.00 | |
| well in home | 4428 | 1500.0 | 2.98(2.82–3.15) | 0.81(0.75–0.88) | <0.001 |
| well outside of homed | 5395 | 1300.0 | 4.20(3.97–4.44) | 1.14(1.05–1.24) | 0.002 |
| Food storage | |||||
| Refrigerator | 1174 | 393.1 | 2.99(2.68–3.33) | 1.00 | |
| cold water | 3236 | 843.3 | 3.58(3.43–3.73) | 1.19(1.06–1.34) | 0.003 |
| none used | 8542 | 2400.0 | 3.83(3.57–4.12) | 1.28(1.13–1.47) | <0.001 |
| Toilet type | |||||
| open toilet | 12948 | 3500.0 | 3.69(3.56–3.82) | 1.00 | |
| toilet (septic/canalization) | 1291 | 470.2 | 2.75(2.49–3.03) | 0.75(0.67–0.83) | <0.001 |
| Mother reports washing hands with soap post-toilet use | |||||
| No | 7360 | 1900.0 | 3.89(3.71–4.07) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 3983 | 1200.0 | 3.32(3.13–3.52) | 0.85(0.79–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Number rooms in home | |||||
| < 5 | 13435 | 3700.0 | 3.57(3.46–3.69) | 1.00 | |
| > 5 | 1283 | 430.4 | 2.97(2.68–3.30) | 0.83(0.75–0.93) | 0.001 |
a. Impoverished household defined as households that reported living on less than 1.25 US dollars per person per day.[21]