Table 6.
A comparison of DDA and MDA metabolites in different metabolic procedures.
| Alkaloids | Stomach | Intestine | Liver (CYP450s, phase I metabolism) |
|---|---|---|---|
| DDAs | Ester hydrolysis | Ester hydrolysis commonly occurs at C-8 | Ester hydrolysis commonly occurs at C-8 |
| Hydroxylation at 2′/3′/4′ of the benzoyl group | Hydroxylation at C-10 | Hydroxylation at C-2 | |
| Deoxylation at C-3/15 | Deoxylation at C-3/15 | Deoxylation at C-3/15 | |
| Demethylation at the methoxy group | Demethylation at the methoxy group, often at C-1/6/16 or the N-methyl group |
Demethylation at the methoxy group, often at C-1/6/16 or the N-methyl group |
|
| Didemethylation at the methoxy group or deethylation at the N-ethyl group | NAa | Didemethylation at the methoxy group or deethylation at the N-ethyl group | |
| NA | Deacetoxylation (pyrolysis) | Deacetoxylation (pyrolysis) | |
| NA | NA | Dehydrogenation at C-3/15 | |
| NA | NA | Demethylation at C-1/6/16 or the N-methyl group with dehydrogenation at C-3/15; demethylation with dehydrogenation at the same methoxyl group, O remained as a carbonyl group. |
|
| NA | Demethylation and deoxylation | NA | |
| Lipoalkaloids via ester exchange at C-8 with long chain fatty acids. | Lipoalkaloids via ester exchange at C-8 with short/long chain fatty acids. | NA | |
|
| |||
| MDAs | NA | NA | Hydroxylation |
| Demethylation | |||
| Didemethylation or deethylation | |||
| Dehydrogenation | |||
| Demethylation and (di)dehydrogenation | |||
aNot available.