Table 8.

Metabolites of AC, MA, and HA (DDAs) detected in the urine.

DDAs	m/z (ESI+)	Formula	Identification	Metabolic procedure	MS detection	References
AC	780	C38H53NO16	BAC glucuronide conjugate	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
	726	C34H47NO14S	AC sulfate conjugate
	662	C34H47NO12	10-Hydroxy AC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36] (M5)
	644	C34H45NO11	3-Dehydrogen AC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36] (M7)
	632	C33H45NO11	16-O-Demethyl AC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[55] (M2)
				Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[56] (M1)
				Rabbits; iv and ig, in vivo.	IT	[48] (M1, found in both iv and ig)
				Rabbits (male and female); ig, in vivo.	IT	[57] (M5)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.a	IT	[58] (M4)
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36] (M6)
				Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[59] (M1)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.b	IT	[60] (M7)
			1-O-Demethyl AC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
			6-O-Demethyl AC
			MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[55] (M1)
	630	C34H47NO10	Deoxy AC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36] (M8)
	618	C32H43NO11	16-O-Demethyl MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[55] (M3)
			8-Methoxy BAC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
			1-O-Demethyl MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
			N-Deethyl AC (M2)	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36]
			O-Didemethyl AC (M4)
	616	C33H45NO10	1-O-Demethyl-13-deoxy AC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
			Demethyl-deoxy AC	Rabbits; iv and ig, in vivo.	IT	[48] (M2, found in ig only)
	606	C31H43NO11	10-Hydroxy BMA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
	604	C32H45NO10	BAC	Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[56] (M2)
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[55] (M4)
				Rabbits (male and female); ig, in vivo.	IT	[57] (M2)
				Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[59] (M2)
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
				Human (female); po, in vivo.a	IT	[58] (M1)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.b	IT	[60] (M4)
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36] (M1)
	590	C31H43NO10	16-O-Demethyl BAC	Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[56] (M3)
				Rabbits (male and female); ig, in vivo.	IT	[57] (M3)
				Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[59] (M3)
	588	C32H45NO9	3-Deoxy BAC	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
	586	C32H43NO9	Pyroaconitine (deacetoxy AC)	Rabbits (male and female); ig, in vivo.	IT	[57] (M6, found in male only)
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[36] (M3)
	500	C25H41NO9	Aconine	Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[56] (M4)
				Rabbits (male and female); ig, in vivo.	IT	[57] (M4)
				Rabbits; ig, in vivo.	IT	[59] (M4)
				Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[54]
	482	C25H39NO8	Dehydrated aconine	Human; po, in vivo.c	IT	[40]
Alkaloids	m/z (ESI+)	Formula	Identification	Metabolic procedure	MS detection	References
MA	766	C37H51NO16	BMA glucuronide conjugate	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[61] (M1)
	648	C33H45NO12	10-Hydroxy MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[61] (M2)
	618	C32H43NO11	1-O-Demethyl MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[61] (M3)
			Demethyl MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.d	TOF	[62] (M10)
	616	C33H45NO10	Deoxy MA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[61] (M4)
	590	C31H43NO10	BMA	Rats; ig, in vivo.	IT	[61] (M5)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.a	IT	[58] (M2)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.b	IT	[60] (M5)
	468	C24H37NO8	Dehydrated mesaconine	Human; po, in vivo.c	IT	[40]
HA	602	C32H43NO10	16-O-Demethyl HA	Human (female); po, in vivo.a	IT	[58] (M5)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.b	IT	[60] (M8)
	574	C31H43NO9	BHA	Human (female); po, in vivo.a	IT	[58] (M3)
				Human (female); po, in vivo.b	IT	[60] (M6)

^a,bDDA was produced through decoction containing Aconiti and Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix.

It is not clear whether these compounds were directly metabolized from DDAs or originally ingested.

^cDDA was produced from a medical liquor containing Aconiti Kusnezoffii Radix.

It is not clear whether these compounds were directly metabolized from DDAs or originally ingested.

^dDDA was produced from a liquid of crude aconite root decoction via ethanol precipitation.

It is not clear whether these compounds were directly metabolized from DDAs or originally ingested.