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. 2015 Feb 4;15:15. doi: 10.1186/s12935-015-0168-2

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© Chien et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Effect of galangin on TPA-induced cell-matrix adhesion, cell morphology/actin cytoskeleton arrangement, invasion, and migration in HepG2 cells. Cells were treated with 70 nM TPA for 12 h and incubated in various concentrations of galangin (0, 1, 2.5, and 5 μM) for 24 h, and then were analysed for (A) cell-matrix adhesion, (B) immunofluorescence, scale bar: 20 μm, (C) transwell-chamber invasion, scale bar: 100 μm, (D) transwell-chamber migration, scale bar: 100 μm, and (E) wound-healing, scale bar: 100 μm. The aforementioned methods were described in “Materials and methods” section. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the untreated control (dose 0).