Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of PROACTIVE Study Participants
| Variable | Total (n = 305) | LAI-R (n = 153) | Oral Second-Generation Antipsychotics (n = 152) | Test and Significance of Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean/SD) | 38.2±12.1 | 38.18±11.8 | 38.32±12.3 | t = 0.10, df = 303, P = .92 |
| Gender (%) | ||||
| Male | 218 (71%) | 108 (71%) | 110 (72%) | χ2 = 0.12, df = 1, P = .73 |
| Female | 87 (29%) | 45 (29%) | 42 (28%) | |
| Diagnosis (%) | ||||
| Schizophrenia NOS | 5 (2%) | 4 (3%) | 1 (1%) | χ2 = 1.3, df = 3, P = .74 (NOS, residual excluded) |
| SZ disorganized | 23 (8%) | 11 (7%) | 12 (8%) | |
| SZ paranoid | 123 (40%) | 66 (43%) | 57 (38%) | |
| SZ residual | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| Schizoaffective | 99 (32%) | 46 (30%) | 53 (35%) | |
| SZ undifferentiated | 54 (18%) | 26 (17%) | 28 (18%) | |
| Age at first hospitalization (Mean/SD) | 22.8±8.8 (N = 283) | 23.0±9.2 (N = 143) | 22.6±8.4 (n = 140) | t = 0.41, df = 281, P = .68 |
| Number of hospitalizations (including current, mean/SD)a | 10.9±34.4 (N = 281) | 12.0±46.0 (N = 138) | 9.9±17.2 (N = 143) | t = 0.50, df = 279, P = .62 |
| Time (in months) since last hospitalization (mean/SD)b | 31.5±64.3 (N = 269) | 22.4±35.9 (N = 133) | 40.4±82.4 (N = 136) | t = 2.31, df = 267, P = .021 |
| Racial distribution (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 159 (52%) | 81 (53%) | 78 (51%) | χ2 = 0.6, df = 2, P = .75 (Other excluded) |
| African American | 85 (28%) | 45 (29%) | 40 (26%) | |
| Hispanic | 58 (19%) | 27 (18%) | 31 (20%) | |
| Other | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) | |
| Educational level (%) | ||||
| Some college or above | 130 (43%) | 66 (45%) | 64 (42%) | χ2 = 0.3, df = 2, P = .87 |
| High school graduate | 82 (27%) | 40 (27%) | 42 (28%) | |
| Below high school | 87 (29%) | 41 (28%) | 46 (30%) | |
| Employed at study entry (%) | 48 (16%) (N = 297) | 23 (16%) (N = 148) | 25(17%) (N = 149) | χ2 = 0.1, df = 1, P = .77 |
| Clinical Global Impressions | ||||
| Severity | 4.04±0.80 | 4.1±0.84 | 4.0±0.77 | t = 0.78, df = 303, P = .44 |
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale | ||||
| Total | 38.1±9.32 | 38.2±9.53 | 38.0±9.13 | t = 0.21, df = 302, P = .83 |
| Psychosis cluster | 2.7±1.09 | 2.7±1.12 | 2.7±1.08 | t = −0.03, df = 303, P = .97 |
| Anxiety/depression | 2.8±0.99 | 2.8±1.06 | 2.8±0.91 | t = 0.23, df = 303, P = .82 |
| Negative signs/symptoms | 1.6±0.66 | 1.6±0.67 | 1.6±0.65 | t = 0.66, df = 301, P = .51 |
| Excitement/activation | 1.4±0.56 | 1.4±0.56 | 1.4±0.56 | t = −0.09, df = 301, P = .93 |
| Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms | ||||
| Affective flattening | 1.9±0.97 | 1.9±0.97 | 1.9±0.97 | t = −0.29, df = 303, P = .77 |
| Alogia | 1.4±0.78 | 1.4±0.71 | 1.4±0.84 | t = −0.47, df = 303, P = .64 |
| Avolition/apathy | 3.2±1.10 | 3.4±1.03 | 3.0±1.14 | t = 2.68, df = 303, P = .008 |
| Asociality/anhedonia | 3.2±0.93 | 3.3±0.93 | 3.2±0.93 | t = 1.43, df = 301, P = .15 |
| Scale of Functioningb | ||||
| Sum of items 1–14 | 40.9±7.26 | 40.1±7.24 | 41.8±7.19 | t = −2.07, df = 300, P = .040 |
| Global rating (Item 15)b | 2.7±0.71 | 2.7±0.68 | 2.8±0.73 | t = −2.00, df = 300, P = .047 |
Note: LAI-R, long-acting injectable risperidone; NOS, not otherwise specified; SZ, schizophrenia.
aWilcoxson Rank-Sum test, P = .84; t test excluding outlier: t = 0.96, df = 278, P = .34; Poisson regression, P = .69.
bScale of Functioning was completed by on-site, unblinded raters. Higher score indicates better functioning.