Table 3.
Inhibitory effect of P. umbellatum SDE versus time after inflammatory stimulus on carrageenan-induced paw edema.
| Treatments (mg/kg) | Time (hours) and % of inhibition | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.5 | 3 | 4.5 | 6 | 24 | 48 | 72 | 96 | |
| Vehicle | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.001 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.02 |
|
| ||||||||
| Indomethacin 10 | 0.11 ± 0.03 (28.7%) |
0.10 ± 0.01 (60.6%)*** |
0.09 ± 0.02 (54.6%)** |
0.10 ± 0.02 — |
0.02 ± 0.001 (51.2%) |
0.08 ± 0.02 (45.3%) |
0.13 ± 0.03 (17.7%) |
0.10 ± 0.03 (4.9%) |
|
| ||||||||
| SDE 100 | 0.10 ± 0.02 (35.6%) |
0.08 ± 0.02 (69.5%)*** |
0.05 ± 0.02 (74.5%)*** |
0.03 ± 0.01 (45.6%) |
0.01 ± 0.01 (75.3%) |
0.11 ± 0.03 (27.9%) |
0.11 ± 0.03 (29.8%) |
0.07 ± 0.03 (29.9%) |
|
| ||||||||
| SDE 200 | 0.03 ± 0.01 (79.7%)*** |
0.04 ± 0.01 (83.1%)*** |
0.04 ± 0.01 (77.0%)*** |
0.07 ± 0.02 — |
0.021 ± 0.01 (44.2%) |
0.06 ± 0.02 (59.5%)* |
0.08 ± 0.02 (47.5%) |
0.065 ± 0.02 (37.3%) |
|
| ||||||||
| SDE 400 | 0.02 ± 0.01 (82.4%)*** |
0.06 ± 0.01 (76.9%)*** |
0.058 ± 0.01 (67.8%)*** |
0.04 ± 0.01 (20.9%) |
0.020 ± 0.01 (47.7%) |
0.05 ± 0.02 (69.9%)* |
0.05 ± 0.02 (70.9%) |
0.03 ± 0.01 (69.8%) |
Paw edema was measured with a caliper; results were expressed as paw edema in mm3 (mean ± SEM); treatments: P. umbellatum SDE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), vehicle (PBS, pH 7.0 + Tween 80 0.3%), or indomethacin (10 mg/kg) one hour before intraplantar carrageenan 2.5% injection, n = 8 animals/group. ANOVA, Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparison Test; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 in comparison to negative control group (vehicle).